Disease and health Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Infection and wellbeing - Case Study Example This paper, in this way analyzes certain viewpoints and issues in explicitly transmitted maladies by attempting answer the inquiry on the degree sexual contact has played in the spread of STDs by taking a gander at the keys issues influencing the subject, conceivable future situations and offering different intercessions gauges that can be applied in unraveling the issues (Shoquist and Stafford, 2004). Explicitly transmitted illnesses remain the most hazardous and predominant medical problems influencing numerous people particularly young people in our general public today. The general public has taken a huge position in advancing forbearance in key issues identified with sexual exercises in the general public. The outcomes has anyway been radical in light of the fact that the disappointment of clarifying issues on the subject of sex has prompted key issues which adds to the spread of the explicitly transmitted illnesses among adolescents and the general public on the loose. This has been caused as consequence of the delicate idea of the subject the same number of people take part in sexual exercises hence thinking that its hard to transparently examine the point among themselves and to the more youthful ages specifically (Greenwood, 2012). The various issues influencing the spread of explicitly transmitted illnesses are natural components. Sexually transmitted diseases are known to be gained by having unprotected sex with a tainted accomplices and because of the way that greater part of STDs don't show side effects at beginning period, a considerable lot of the individuals who are contaminated can not tell that they need clinical treatment. In addition for the individuals who are not tainted it turns out to be very hard to recognize those with the diseases. In identifying with the issue of sex differences, ladies comprise a huge level of those experiencing complex explicitly transmitted ailments than men. This is regularly so as a result of the seriousness of the impacts of STDs on them. In like manner, in identifying with age difference issue, young people are the ones inclined to contact explicitly ailment more than grown-ups in light of the various explicitly accomplices they have. In

Meanings, Examples and Observations of the Word Lexicon

Implications, Examples and Observations of the Word Lexicon A vocabulary is the assortment of words-or the disguised word reference that each speaker of aâ language has. It is additionally called lexis. Dictionary may likewise allude to aâ stock of terms utilized in a specific calling, subject or style. The word itself is the Anglicized adaptation of the Greek word lexis (which means word in Greek). It fundamentally implies word reference. Lexicology portrays the investigation of lexis and vocabulary. See Examples and Observations beneath. Likewise observe: JargonLanguage AcquisitionLexemeLexical CompetenceLexical DiffusionLexical-Functional Grammar (LFG)Lexical IntegrityLexicalizationLexical SetLexicogrammarLexicographerLexicographicolatryLexicograpyLexicologyLexisListemeMental LexiconMorphologyVocabularyVocabulary Acquisition Models and Observations The vocabulary of soccer (called football outside of the United States) incorporates terms, for example, linesman, amicable match, yellow card, punishment shootout, pitch, result, and draw.The dictionary of a stock dealer incorporates terms, for example, deferred cites, prospects contract, limit request, edge account, short selling, stop request, pattern line and watch list. Words by the Numbers [T]here are right now around 600,000 words in the English language, with instructed grown-ups utilizing around 2,000 words in every day discussion. For the 500 most-much of the time utilized words, there are somewhere in the range of 14,000 word reference implications. (Wallace V. Schmidt, et al., Communicating Globally. Wise, 2007)Â The English dictionary developed by 70 percent from 1950 to 2000, with around 8,500 new words entering the language every year. Word references dont mirror a ton of those words. (Marc Parry, Scholars Elicit a Cultural Genome From 5.2 Million Google-Digitized Books. The Chronicle of Higher Education. December 16, 2010) Legends of Word Learning On the off chance that you go to a class on language procurement, or read any great basic section regarding the matter, you are probably going to get familiar with the accompanying realities about word learning. Childrens first words are odd; they have entertaining implications that disregard certain semantic rules that hold for grown-up language and are learned in a moderate and erratic manner. At that point, at around 16 months, or subsequent to finding out around fifty words, there is an abrupt speeding up in the pace of word learning-a word spray or jargon blast. Starting here on, youngsters learn words at the pace of five, ten, or even fifteen new words a day. I will propose here that none of these cases are valid. They are fantasies of word learning. There is no motivation to accept that childrens first words are found out and comprehended in a youthful style and there is extensive proof despite what might be expected. There is nothing of the sort as word spray, and two-year-ol ds are not adapting anyplace almost five words for each day. (Paul Bloom, Myths of Word Learning. Weaving a Lexicon, ed. by D. Geoffrey Hall and Sandra R. Waxman. MIT Press, 2004) Language Acquisition: Grammar and Lexicon In an audit of discoveries from language improvement, language breakdown and continuous preparing, we presume that the case for a particular qualification among sentence structure and the vocabulary has been exaggerated, and that the proof to date is perfect with a brought together lexicalist account. Investigations of ordinary youngsters show that the development of punctuation is profoundly needy upon jargon size, a finding affirmed and reached out in atypical populaces. Investigations of language breakdown in more seasoned kids and grown-ups give no proof to a secluded separation among sentence structure and the dictionary; a few structures are particularly helpless against cerebrum harm (e.g., work words, non-accepted word orders), yet this helplessness is additionally seen in neurologically unblemished people under perceptual debasement or intellectual over-burden. At long last, online examinations give proof to ahead of schedule and multifaceted cooperations among lexical and l inguistic data in typical grown-ups. (Elizabeth Bates and Judith C. Goodman, On the Inseparability of Grammar and the Lexicon: Evidence from Acquisition, Aphasia and Real-time Processing. Language and Cognitive Processes. The Chronicles of Higher Education. December 1997) Procurement of the vocabulary and obtaining of the sentence structure are ... portions of a solitary basic procedure. (Jesse Snedeker and Lila R. Gleitman, Why It Is Hard to Label Our Concepts. Weaving a Lexicon, ed. by D. Geoffrey Hall and Sandra R. Waxman. MIT Press, 2004)

5 Debunked Myths About Drinking Alcohol

5 Debunked Myths About Drinking Alcohol More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Ever hear the expression hair of the dog when it comes to drinking? It comes from an old Scottish belief that if you take hairs from a dog that bit you and put it over the wound, it would prevent bad things from happening. When applied to drinking, it means if you are hungover the next day, have a glass of the same alcohol from the night before and it will lessen your hangover. Of course, neither the Scottish fable or the drinking expression are true cures. Myths About Drinking Alcohol Lets look at a myriad of myths about drinking alcohol that need to be put to rest once and for all. Beer Is Less Intoxicating Than Other Alcoholic Beverages The fact is that one 12-ounce can of beer, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or one normal sized cocktail containing about 1 1/2 ounces of liquor are all equally intoxicating. Each alcoholic beverage is considered a  standard drink  containing about the same amount of alcohol. Where the myth has some merit is if you were to drink 12 ounces of liquor compared to one 12-ounce can of beer, then yes, the 12 ounces of liquor might have you hugging a toilet bowl. Switching Between Beer, Wine, and Liquor Will Make You Drunker There is a saying, Beer on whiskey, mighty risky. This saying is not about how if you mix the drinks you might become drunker. This expression and others like it are warnings about how mixing alcohols might make you sick to your stomach. Similar to the expression, Beer before liquor, never been sicker. Liquor before beer, you’re in the clear. Mixing drink types is usually a recipe for disaster. Alcohol is alcohol. Your body can only process so much before it goes into preservation mode. Drinking a lot of anything alcoholic can lead to dehydration and a nasty hangover. Cold Showers, Fresh Air, and Hot Coffee Sober You Up While showers, fresh air, and hot coffee might feel a little refreshing to a person who is three sheets to the wind, none of these things will sober a person. Only time can help a person sober up. It takes the body approximately one hour to eliminate the alcohol in one drink. It is true what they say, Give a drunk a cup of coffee and all you have is a wide-awake drunk.   Once absorbed into the bloodstream, alcohol gets processed by the kidneys, lungs, and liver. This is why a urine, blood, or breathalyzer test can all detect alcohol in the body. Eating a Big Meal Before Drinking Keeps You Sober The fact is drinking on a full stomach will only delay the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream, not prevent it. Eating before you drink is not a defense against getting drunk. Eating a filling, greasy, carb-loaded meal may prevent you from suffering worse hangover symptoms compared to drinking on an empty stomach. However, eating tons of calories will not prevent you from becoming intoxicated. Everyone Reacts to Alcohol the Same Way There is a giant myth that what works for one, works for another when it comes to just about anything. But, just with anything, people are all different. There can be many factors that may affect a persons reaction to alcoholâ€"body weight, metabolism, tolerance level, gender, body chemistry, to name a few. Also, there may be various genetic factors that come into play as to how individuals react to drinking alcohol.

How Vietnam War Affected America - 1450 Words

The United States’ war with Vietnam was undoubtedly â€Å"a different kind of war†. Guerilla tactics and a largely jungle environment throughout the theatre of Vietnam made this a supremely unique conflict in the annals of American military history. Faced with this type of unique enemy and terrain, the American Armed Forces undoubtedly had to evolve and adapt their tactics accordingly. One element that is particularly extraordinary and exclusive to the Vietnam War is the development of highly organized scout-sniper training. Prior to the Vietnam War, the United States had zero trained snipers. By the time the War had ended, trained American snipers had killed more than 13,000 enemy soldiers. The impact of these efforts must be examined on a†¦show more content†¦Almost immediately, the program began churning out success stories. This new type of warfare was utterly foreign to many Marines. Lying and waiting on a near invisible enemy to appear and subsequently pulling the trigger only once as opposed to large-scale firefights was counterintuitive during this time period. Nevertheless, the Marine Corps managed to find marksmen who also possessed qualities such as patience, unwavering nerves, and a great deal of confidence. Due to the dire need for snipers at this point in the war, enlisted men spent only three weeks in Land’s sniper training program. Despite the haste in which these men were trained, the 17 original snipers in the 1st Brigade rack up more enemy kills than any other Corps combat battalion in their first three months in the field. The most striking advantage such successful organized sniping brought to American forces was its sheer economic efficiency. In what is often viewed as a war of excess; a war of tremendous financial and human cost, organized scout sniping offered a tremendous amount of value to the United States Armed Forces. According to figures released by the Department of Defense, the average number of r ounds expended in Vietnam to kill one enemy solder with the M-16 was 50,000. The average number of rounds expended by U.S. military snipers to kill one enemy soldier was 1.3 rounds. Thats a cost-difference of $23,000 per kill forShow MoreRelatedThe Secret War And How It Affected The Hmong People1230 Words   |  5 PagesTOPIC: The Secret War and how it affected the Hmong people. SPECIFIC PURPOSE: At the end of my speech, my audience will get a better sense of what the Secret War was and how it affected the Hmong people. INTRODUCTION: Just by the name itself, it can already be implied to what the â€Å"Secret War† was. It was a war that was kept as a secret from the public, and by public, I mean the American public. Many of you may wonder what exactly is the secret war, and I will explain that throughout my speech. ButRead More06.07 Dissilusionment Essay930 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Explain how events such as the Vietnam War and Watergate affected the American public’s opinion of the U.S government. Part I: Read the question above and write down what you think the question is asking in your own words. I think that this question is asking for the American public perception of the US government and their elected officials during both of these events. Both the Vietnam War and Watergate events had big impacts on American society. For example, the Vietnam War was the firstRead MoreThe Vietnam War On American Society932 Words   |  4 Pagesthe growing success and power that Vietnam held. America was calm at first as they held the belief that Vietnam would serve as a barrier to communism. Unfortunately, when communism kept spreading, America panicked. American troops were sent into Vietnam and the citizens of America were lied to about the reason for the presence of the troops in Vietnam. The years 1964 to 1975 were characterized by the negative effects of the Vietnam war on American society and how they heightened social, politicalRead MoreImpact of Vietnam War on American Culture1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War began in the year 1954, after the ascension to power of Ho Chi Minh, who was a communist leader in North Vietnam. The leader was spreading communism, and because the United States wanted to stop the spread, it sent military troops to aid South Vietnamese to stop this vice. The war saw about 3million people die with the inclusion of 58,000 American soldiers. About 150,000 people were wounded during the war. In 1975, South Vietnamese government surrendered the war after the communistRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1693 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica has won the War of Independence, the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Indian Wars, the Civil War, and are back-to-back winners of the World Wars. With the amount of victories made, Americans might try to process the question of who won the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War never had a declared victor. America got involved in the Vietnam War during the year of 1965. The United States first became involved in the war by financially supporting France in the first Indochina War. After thatRead Mor eThe Vietnam War Had A Tremendous Effect On The World1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War had a tremendous effect on the world, especially the United States. Not only did the war affect people in battle, but also left permanent effects on people all over the world. Over 57,000 U.S. citizens died and over 140,000 injured in battle. Multiple Americans were impacted by the war, vast amount of people died but more were injured. North Vietnam won the battle against South Vietnam and their allies. The Fall of Saigon in 1975 was the end of a gruesome war. The war had multipleRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War cost many Americans their lives in the 60s and 70s. Many were drafted into the war by choice and others selectively chosen to join to help America. The contributions made had a major impact on the American side of the Vietnam War. Though many contributions were made none stand out any more than others. It is sometimes said there is alwa ys a hero in the war who helped the victory. Wars, however, do not have war heroes because a hero is making an undeniable contribution to the war andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Vietnam War By Kristen Ann Hass s Making A Memory Of War897 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica’s involvement in the Vietnam War and the toll it had on America as a whole, it can be rather controversial. Many people wonder what the war was even about and some even bring up that the Vietnam War could be considered another Civil War for America. An example of this is how Marilyn Young argues in her article, â€Å"The Vietnam War in American Memory,† how many Americans treat Vietnam as something that happened amongst themselves. I believe what Young meant by this was how throughout the many yearsRead MoreHow Were The Us Soldiers Affected By The Vietnam War?1281 Words   |  6 PagesConnolly US History Date How were the US soldiers affected by the Vietnam War The war in Vietnam was a war against communism that tore apart the US. The United States of America plunged together with its allies and played a tremendous role as far as fight against communism is concerned. A huge number of American soldiers were deployed in Vietnam a practice that coupled with much unpreparedness. The soldiers were not aware what exactly they were up to in Vietnam. Most Americans at the time wereRead MoreThe Vietnam War Changed America1139 Words   |  5 Pages The Vietnam War greatly changed America forever. It was the longest war fought in America’s History, lasting from 1955 to 1973. The Vietnam War tarnished America s self image by becoming the first time in history the United States failed to accomplish its stated war aims, to preserve a separate, independent, noncommunist government. The war also had great effects on the American people. It was the first war ever broadcast on television. The public was able to see what happened on the battl efield

Technology Has Changed Our Lives Essay - 1440 Words

Technology Has Taken Over Our Lives Our society has become dangerously dependent on technology. Easy access to technology during every minute of the day can be useful at some points, but overall is not necessary. Specific problems, and causes will give us a glimpse into our growing dependency and how it is affecting our lives in various ways, none of which are appealing. Our society has become too dependent on technology. New technology used in areas such as medicine, business, manufacturing and production is valuable and beneficial to the world, however the dependence on this technology has made people for example, lack in social tendencies, and become indolent and impatient. Should this dependency escalate, our ability to act on our own will evolve us in some ways into mindless robots. With easy access to friend’s information our society is encouraged to use their technology devices to communicate through text or social media instead of face to face communication. As this continues, our culture will regress even further from human contact. This regression can be detrimental to our relationships with others. Voice activated technology allows us to turn off our brains and let the technology do the work. Our community finds this technology a convenience and decides to depend on voice activated technology to text, change the channel, and even tu rn off the lights in the room. This will further diminish our ability to rely on our own human intellect. The speed of access toShow MoreRelatedTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1413 Words   |  6 Pages Technology affects our lives in a major way. It is hard to go anywhere and not see the changes technology has bought to people now in year 2015. It is hard to even imagine life without technology. It is hard to imagine life without technology because whether it has been in its simplest form technological advances have been being introduced to humanity since the invention of the wheel. Today technology has helped us save time and helps those who use it to complete tasks easier and more efficientlyRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1387 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen many advances in technology from the creation of the telephones, to flip phones, to smartphones and even the computer; technology has increased our ability to communicate more easily and sufficiently. Although technolo gy has greatly impacted our lives in a positive manner, and has made a way of communication much more easier, it also has negative effects that today have made individuals more lazy by the day. Although we have the answer to almost any question right at our fingertips, the increasedRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1204 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology throughout the years has consistently changed the way students, professionals, families, friends, etc. form and carry out relationships with one another. Technology originally started out as a tool to gain information or something as simple as communicating in a more efficient way. Over time technology has changed the way we go about our daily lives as well as who we are as an individual, losing our sense of self perception through the loss of daily personal interactions with individualsRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1396 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology has changed our way of life as human beings; it changed the way we understand the act of work has changed the way we interact with people. Technology is not just a computer or television, its engineering science and in science their goal is to make progress, to understand everything there is to know about us, our planet and beyond. However, the way we understand and experience this concept, it’s just there to makes our lives more efficient. Technology is never the end of the concept. NewRead MoreTechnology And Technology Has Changed Our Lives1418 Words   |  6 PagesIf there is one way our world has changed the most through the centuries is our technology. The way we use technology has progressed from a thing that we once viewed as revolutionary to being looked over. Though technology continues to amazes us with the advances that we make, there is still a sense of it just being part of the norm. However, could it be possible that technology is advancing to quickly? Our world continues to make more and more advances to the point that we can not even keep up andRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1669 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the existence of humanity, technology has evolved with us. Introducing itself primitively with rocks and sticks to compensate for what our hands were not able to do, and ultimately progressing into computers and smartphones to accomplish much more intricate tasks. These devices are now at our disposal, being seen in almost every household and every pocket in the world, but how much does technology actually affect us in our everyday lives? It could be more poignant than most may think.Read MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1469 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Technology has revolutionized the way in which all humans go about their daily lives. In every second of every day, our world and way of life becomes more developed and dependent on technology for the basic needs of human existences. Whether it is at home, work, school, walking down the street, or listening to music, technology has allowed people to do things better, faster, and more efficiently. As the world continues to explode with new technology being developed and current technology being high-qualityRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives910 Words   |  4 Pagesby using technology. Technology by definition means, the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science.(web). Now a days people use different kinds of technology that brings it to our life like cellphone, iPod, laptop, mp3, and all of the devices create a convenient and comfort for every individual lives. As TechnologyRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives1481 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology, as we know, has completely changed the way every American goes about their daily activities. Today we are able to communicate globally with anyone from any part of the world within seconds, making business and our social lives a million times easier. Look to your left and you will find your cell phone buzzing with missed calls, texts, and social notifications. Look to your right and you will see your emails filling up with the newest offers on fashion or your boss giving you this weeksRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives1698 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology Technology is defined as machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge. Its original use was meant solely for the service of humans, however overtime it has evolved into something much different. What was originally meant to be an assisting piece of machinery has changed almost every aspect of our culture. The way we think, communicate, lie, and even love has been impacted by the use of technology, and all of this is has made for interesting pieces of

Critical Lense Free Essays

Thomas De Quincey once said â€Å" all that is literature seeks to communicate power. † An author communicates a form of power to others through his/her works. Every piece of literature carries a strong message. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Lense or any similar topic only for you Order Now These messages can open a person’s eyes and mind to a new perspective. It can also point out things that have repeated throughout history, like discrimination and hatred towards a certain race or what love can do for people. These messages could show what most people don’t see. Literature works such as To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, and A Thousand Splendid Suns, by Khaled Hosseini, have a very strong message underneath. In To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee is a great novel about discrimination and injustice towards a certain race. This is a great novel about a particular trial, where Atticus Finch, a good lawyer, defends Tom Robinson, whose being accused of raping a young white girl. Tom Robinson is a black man, who has done nothing wrong but is being accused of raping someone just because of his skin color. It did not matter what the black man said back than. Whatever the white person said was always â€Å"right†. One of the themes for this book is the existence of social inequality. The social status of Maycomb was very complicated. At the top you had the Finches, than the Cunninghams, than the Ewells, which were considered white trash. But all the way below the Ewells were the blacks. As you can see, the blacks were below the white trash, they were at the very bottom of the social ladder. This really did effect the society in Maycomb. It divided people up into certain groups. Since the Ewells were above the blacks, it gave them the power to persecute Tom Robinson, an innocent black man. A Thousand Splendid Suns, by Khaled Hosseini, is a story about two women and their lives in Afghanistan. These two women with different ideas about life are brought together by war and loss. As they go through all the dangers that life has brought upon them, they create a strong relationship. They create a mother-daughter and kind of sisters bond. Their abusive husband and the dangerous streets of Kabul have brought them together. This book shows how someone’s love for her family can move this person to shocking self-sacrifice. And the key to surviving all of this is love. Through the theme of female bonds, you can see what the bond of love can do for a women. The efforts of their husband and the government to keep women from having power as much as possible does not work. They form great, strong bonds that give them confidence and strength to fight back. Laila and Miriam form this strong bond together. They both have support in one another. Towards the end, Miriam finally had the strength to fight Rasheed. She did not get this from herself, but from the confidence and love from Laila. As you can see, both of these great novels have a strong message underneath. One of the messages is that social inequality does exist and does destroy people’s lives. The other message is that bonds can give people strength and confidence, which gives them the ability to step up. Love is they key survival of these bonds. Women forms these bonds and have each other’s support and love to give them strength to do more in their life and also to self-sacrifice. Both of these messages have opened people’s eyes to new point of views. How to cite Critical Lense, Papers

Organisation Culture free essay sample

An organizational culture is established by corporate firm to comprehend with the nature of the workplace. Organizational culture does not have an explicit definition although there have been academic researchers attempting to develop a deep understanding of the literature of managing culture. Organizational culture can be evolved from set of rules laid down from the founder of the organization and further developed to match the changes which are generated from the passage of time. Nonetheless, there are also a few numbers of organizations which keep their old regulations as a belief of their cultural persistency. Organizational culture, therefore, can be seen as the shared values, norms, belief and assumptions that an individual hold in common with members within a corporate firm or social group (Ogbonna, 1992). This essay is aimed to establish that organizational culture is manageable. By taking one of Linda Smircich’s approaches (1983), culture is seen as a dependent variable that an organization has. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is possible to argue that culture can be modified and changed as long as there is a thorough understanding of how and why it is evolved and developed. People from the workforce may rely on a manner which is shaped from the shared experiences from their seniors or even the founders of the organizations. As the time passes on, this manner has essentially formed a common belief of the organization in order to achieve its ultimate goal. Culture may then develop into a persistency of the organization, but it is still possible to be managed. Communication between the managers and employees takes an important role in this respect. In order to modify a well-based organizational culture, the workforce needs to have a deep understanding of their given task, roles and the meanings. Evidence on this matter will be perceived from a list of referenced texts as referred to below. Another position to be demonstrated in this essay is that organizational culture is critical to the success of any organization. As organizational culture is established and developed to a large extend for the betterment of workflow and ultimately achieving the corporate goals, it is therefore critical to the success of an organization. The way to achieve a corporate goal is first of all to obtain a thorough understanding of the organization culture and how it affects the workflow. According to Peters and Waterman’s statement in 1982, the strengthening of corporate culture enhances organizational performance by securing greater commitment and flexibility from employees. E. Ogbonna (1985) illustrated that when organizational culture is taken as something that organization has, it becomes a powerful organizational tool. It shapes a sense of belonging to the members, controls the workflow behavior, establishes rules and directs decision makers. It, therefore, can be argued that organization culture is a definite factor to the success of an organization. To Manage Organizational Culture Corporate Culture has become a main theme in organization studies since the 1980’s. Researchers and practitioners often argue that whether the culture can be managed while they attempt to redefine and examine the literature on managing culture. A well-known definition was made by Edgar Schein in his model of organization culture. In 1985, he identified three distinct levels in organization culture: 1. Artifacts and behavior – physical manifestations 2. Espoused values – shared believes, rules of behavior, professionalism 3. Assumptions – taken-for-granted, deeply embedded behavior It is common to believe that the first two levels in an organization culture can be modified feasibly. However, the third level describes a basic conception that leads to the employees’ consciousness in terms of their work ethics and the prospect of responsibilities. Some debate that it is a phenomenon which constructs the root of an organization. A root can be changed upon a complete change in the entire organization. However, there are other practitioners debate that it is only challenging and not impossible at all to change. Organization don’t have cultures, they are cultures, and this is why culture is so difficult to change. † (Siehl,1985). Approaches to Manage Culture Effectively There are a number of approaches attempting to achieve a change in organizational culture. In 1976, Silverzweig and Allen developed ‘normative system’ model which summarizes the approaches to a change in o rganizational culture. It states that the culture is a set of norms and shared values that make major influences to the members in terms of their behavior and thus, the workflow within the organization. The workflow behavior can essentially be managed by altering the environment. This can finally lead to a change in values and expectations in a long-term period. In order to achieve a change in organizational culture, firstly, it is important to analyze the existing culture and establish a thorough understanding of the way it has been developed. Secondly, it is necessary to get the members involved in the system by giving them opportunities to question their old beliefs in order to establish a positive outcome from the desired culture. Thirdly, management team members are to act as a role models to persuade other members in the organization to accept the newly developed culture. Lastly, evaluations of its effectiveness in terms of goal achievement need to be done to keep the culture permanent. There is no point to develop a new culture when there is little or no effect on the improvement of the workflow. (Silvezweig and Allen, 1972) Factors Analysis There are few other factors to argue whether the organizational culture is manageable. Firstly, the leaders and management team members of the organization need to take on the most important role. To make sure that the organization is supportive with the change in culture, the management team members need to have a good communication with the other members of the firm (Ogbonna, 1992). Secondly, it is important for the employees to understand their roles and responsibilities within the organization. Through these understandings, employees will have the vision to a change in behavior. As mentioned above that a culture is dependent on individual behavior and it is, therefore, crucial to mange each and every behavior that forms the workflow in order to manage a culture properly. Lastly, enthusiasm of changing can drive the whole operation. Enthusiasm comes from realization of corporate goal which in term affected by the existing culture. Enthusiasm can be managed to spread through the entire organization by a way of communication. A Critical Factor of Goal Achievement A corporate firm is normally started with a clear statement of an ultimate goal. A set of rules and expectation will be formed after evaluating the possible ways of achievement. This leads to a formation of norms, values which share between members of the group and this generally defines organizational culture later as the firm operates. Referring to E. Ogbonna’s theory about organization culture, it simply implies that an organization culture controls employees’ individual behavior and thus develops to an extend betterment of workflow. It is also consistent with some of other researchers (Peters and Waterman, 1982; Linda Smircich, 1983; Jay B Barney 1986). While it is unclear about the exact definition of organizational culture, there is a broad agreement about culture leads to better overall performance. Organizational Culture and Its Effectiveness Identified by a model developed by Silverzweig and Allen (1976), â€Å"people tend to form shared values when they come into a sustained period of interaction; that there are set of norms and expectation which whilst not written, constitute a major influence on the behaviors of members. † (Ogbonna, 1992) Organization culture shapes a basic assumption that is shared by each and every of the member in the organization. Their behavior in the workflow becomes a dependent variable, simply depending on the culture and organizational environment. It is essential for the co-workers to have similar behavior in the same environment without concerning their consciousness or willingness. â€Å"Culture may also be regarded as the expression of unconscious psychological processes. † (Linda Smircich, 1983) Researchers also believe that culture forms a foundation concept of the organization, control workflow and individual members to work as one team, which leads to an alteration of overall performance, depending on the strength of the culture itself. Factors Analysis In order for a culture to provide advantages to organization performance, there are a few conditions must be met. Firstly, The corporate culture must be strong. This means that all members are supportive towards the corporate culture and keen to be part of the organization. This can be achieved by recognizing the corporate goal, rewarding individual members symbolically and materially, identifying their sense of purpose with values that are designed into the organization (Hugh Willmott, 1993). Secondly, the culture must be unique. There were a few studies in organization previously showed that organization culture cannot be imitated or borrowed due to a number of differences, for example, corporate goals, organization structures and etc. When concepts are borrowed from other disciplines, they may not be suitable in terms of goal achievement. This may also result in confusion in the concept of a culture or a dilution of the original power from the workforce (V. Lynn Meek, 1988). Lastly, the management of organization culture plays the most important role for a corporate firm to be successful. As discussed earlier in the essay, culture is a tool for an organization and it is possible to be managed. In terms of goal achievement, it is a matter of how well an organization can manage its culture. A certain culture cannot be used to solve organizational problems over the time. Since there are certain factors that affect the efficiency of a corporate firm (e. g. technology, financial status of the firm etc), it is essential to change values and behavior patterns as time passes on. In long term, this is necessary to be managed as to remain or increase the efficiency of the organization. Conclusion To summarize the essay, organization culture is manageable and it is critical to the success of any organization. The basis of the argument is that culture should be treated as a managing tool that the organization used to manage its people and production. When culture is defined as the Schein’s model in terms of the three distinct levels (artifacts, values and assumptions), the difficultness in managing the culture graduate increases as the level increases, although some argues that there will come to a level that is impossible to manage. Organizational culture can always be managed as long as there is a thorough understanding of how the existing culture evolved. A study conveyed by Silverzweig and Allen summarizes the approaches attempt to manage the culture effectively. The four steps to achieve such approach are analyzing the existing culture, get all members involved, anagers to act as role models and evaluating the new culture. By attempting the four steps, it is agreed broadly that it can effectively manage a culture. This is also one of the factors to achieve a crucial success in an organization. The reason that organizational culture is critical to a firm to achieve its corporate goal is that effect of organizational culture has influences on individuals as well as the whole organizational workflow and behavior pattern. For a successful organization, it is essential for it to have a strong and unique culture. It is also crucial for managers to have an in-depth knowledge on how to manage the organization culture effectively, in order to encounter organizational sociology causes by factors such as technology improvement and financial stability of the organization as time passes on. A well-managed organizational culture may have impact on the workflow behavior. It also provides power to persuade members of the organization to work in one self, and thus, adding efficiency in production. Therefore, organizational culture is not only essential but critical to the success of an organization.