Disease and health Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Infection and wellbeing - Case Study Example This paper, in this way analyzes certain viewpoints and issues in explicitly transmitted maladies by attempting answer the inquiry on the degree sexual contact has played in the spread of STDs by taking a gander at the keys issues influencing the subject, conceivable future situations and offering different intercessions gauges that can be applied in unraveling the issues (Shoquist and Stafford, 2004). Explicitly transmitted illnesses remain the most hazardous and predominant medical problems influencing numerous people particularly young people in our general public today. The general public has taken a huge position in advancing forbearance in key issues identified with sexual exercises in the general public. The outcomes has anyway been radical in light of the fact that the disappointment of clarifying issues on the subject of sex has prompted key issues which adds to the spread of the explicitly transmitted illnesses among adolescents and the general public on the loose. This has been caused as consequence of the delicate idea of the subject the same number of people take part in sexual exercises hence thinking that its hard to transparently examine the point among themselves and to the more youthful ages specifically (Greenwood, 2012). The various issues influencing the spread of explicitly transmitted illnesses are natural components. Sexually transmitted diseases are known to be gained by having unprotected sex with a tainted accomplices and because of the way that greater part of STDs don't show side effects at beginning period, a considerable lot of the individuals who are contaminated can not tell that they need clinical treatment. In addition for the individuals who are not tainted it turns out to be very hard to recognize those with the diseases. In identifying with the issue of sex differences, ladies comprise a huge level of those experiencing complex explicitly transmitted ailments than men. This is regularly so as a result of the seriousness of the impacts of STDs on them. In like manner, in identifying with age difference issue, young people are the ones inclined to contact explicitly ailment more than grown-ups in light of the various explicitly accomplices they have. In

Meanings, Examples and Observations of the Word Lexicon

Implications, Examples and Observations of the Word Lexicon A vocabulary is the assortment of words-or the disguised word reference that each speaker of aâ language has. It is additionally called lexis. Dictionary may likewise allude to aâ stock of terms utilized in a specific calling, subject or style. The word itself is the Anglicized adaptation of the Greek word lexis (which means word in Greek). It fundamentally implies word reference. Lexicology portrays the investigation of lexis and vocabulary. See Examples and Observations beneath. Likewise observe: JargonLanguage AcquisitionLexemeLexical CompetenceLexical DiffusionLexical-Functional Grammar (LFG)Lexical IntegrityLexicalizationLexical SetLexicogrammarLexicographerLexicographicolatryLexicograpyLexicologyLexisListemeMental LexiconMorphologyVocabularyVocabulary Acquisition Models and Observations The vocabulary of soccer (called football outside of the United States) incorporates terms, for example, linesman, amicable match, yellow card, punishment shootout, pitch, result, and draw.The dictionary of a stock dealer incorporates terms, for example, deferred cites, prospects contract, limit request, edge account, short selling, stop request, pattern line and watch list. Words by the Numbers [T]here are right now around 600,000 words in the English language, with instructed grown-ups utilizing around 2,000 words in every day discussion. For the 500 most-much of the time utilized words, there are somewhere in the range of 14,000 word reference implications. (Wallace V. Schmidt, et al., Communicating Globally. Wise, 2007)Â The English dictionary developed by 70 percent from 1950 to 2000, with around 8,500 new words entering the language every year. Word references dont mirror a ton of those words. (Marc Parry, Scholars Elicit a Cultural Genome From 5.2 Million Google-Digitized Books. The Chronicle of Higher Education. December 16, 2010) Legends of Word Learning On the off chance that you go to a class on language procurement, or read any great basic section regarding the matter, you are probably going to get familiar with the accompanying realities about word learning. Childrens first words are odd; they have entertaining implications that disregard certain semantic rules that hold for grown-up language and are learned in a moderate and erratic manner. At that point, at around 16 months, or subsequent to finding out around fifty words, there is an abrupt speeding up in the pace of word learning-a word spray or jargon blast. Starting here on, youngsters learn words at the pace of five, ten, or even fifteen new words a day. I will propose here that none of these cases are valid. They are fantasies of word learning. There is no motivation to accept that childrens first words are found out and comprehended in a youthful style and there is extensive proof despite what might be expected. There is nothing of the sort as word spray, and two-year-ol ds are not adapting anyplace almost five words for each day. (Paul Bloom, Myths of Word Learning. Weaving a Lexicon, ed. by D. Geoffrey Hall and Sandra R. Waxman. MIT Press, 2004) Language Acquisition: Grammar and Lexicon In an audit of discoveries from language improvement, language breakdown and continuous preparing, we presume that the case for a particular qualification among sentence structure and the vocabulary has been exaggerated, and that the proof to date is perfect with a brought together lexicalist account. Investigations of ordinary youngsters show that the development of punctuation is profoundly needy upon jargon size, a finding affirmed and reached out in atypical populaces. Investigations of language breakdown in more seasoned kids and grown-ups give no proof to a secluded separation among sentence structure and the dictionary; a few structures are particularly helpless against cerebrum harm (e.g., work words, non-accepted word orders), yet this helplessness is additionally seen in neurologically unblemished people under perceptual debasement or intellectual over-burden. At long last, online examinations give proof to ahead of schedule and multifaceted cooperations among lexical and l inguistic data in typical grown-ups. (Elizabeth Bates and Judith C. Goodman, On the Inseparability of Grammar and the Lexicon: Evidence from Acquisition, Aphasia and Real-time Processing. Language and Cognitive Processes. The Chronicles of Higher Education. December 1997) Procurement of the vocabulary and obtaining of the sentence structure are ... portions of a solitary basic procedure. (Jesse Snedeker and Lila R. Gleitman, Why It Is Hard to Label Our Concepts. Weaving a Lexicon, ed. by D. Geoffrey Hall and Sandra R. Waxman. MIT Press, 2004)

5 Debunked Myths About Drinking Alcohol

5 Debunked Myths About Drinking Alcohol More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Ever hear the expression hair of the dog when it comes to drinking? It comes from an old Scottish belief that if you take hairs from a dog that bit you and put it over the wound, it would prevent bad things from happening. When applied to drinking, it means if you are hungover the next day, have a glass of the same alcohol from the night before and it will lessen your hangover. Of course, neither the Scottish fable or the drinking expression are true cures. Myths About Drinking Alcohol Lets look at a myriad of myths about drinking alcohol that need to be put to rest once and for all. Beer Is Less Intoxicating Than Other Alcoholic Beverages The fact is that one 12-ounce can of beer, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or one normal sized cocktail containing about 1 1/2 ounces of liquor are all equally intoxicating. Each alcoholic beverage is considered a  standard drink  containing about the same amount of alcohol. Where the myth has some merit is if you were to drink 12 ounces of liquor compared to one 12-ounce can of beer, then yes, the 12 ounces of liquor might have you hugging a toilet bowl. Switching Between Beer, Wine, and Liquor Will Make You Drunker There is a saying, Beer on whiskey, mighty risky. This saying is not about how if you mix the drinks you might become drunker. This expression and others like it are warnings about how mixing alcohols might make you sick to your stomach. Similar to the expression, Beer before liquor, never been sicker. Liquor before beer, you’re in the clear. Mixing drink types is usually a recipe for disaster. Alcohol is alcohol. Your body can only process so much before it goes into preservation mode. Drinking a lot of anything alcoholic can lead to dehydration and a nasty hangover. Cold Showers, Fresh Air, and Hot Coffee Sober You Up While showers, fresh air, and hot coffee might feel a little refreshing to a person who is three sheets to the wind, none of these things will sober a person. Only time can help a person sober up. It takes the body approximately one hour to eliminate the alcohol in one drink. It is true what they say, Give a drunk a cup of coffee and all you have is a wide-awake drunk.   Once absorbed into the bloodstream, alcohol gets processed by the kidneys, lungs, and liver. This is why a urine, blood, or breathalyzer test can all detect alcohol in the body. Eating a Big Meal Before Drinking Keeps You Sober The fact is drinking on a full stomach will only delay the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream, not prevent it. Eating before you drink is not a defense against getting drunk. Eating a filling, greasy, carb-loaded meal may prevent you from suffering worse hangover symptoms compared to drinking on an empty stomach. However, eating tons of calories will not prevent you from becoming intoxicated. Everyone Reacts to Alcohol the Same Way There is a giant myth that what works for one, works for another when it comes to just about anything. But, just with anything, people are all different. There can be many factors that may affect a persons reaction to alcoholâ€"body weight, metabolism, tolerance level, gender, body chemistry, to name a few. Also, there may be various genetic factors that come into play as to how individuals react to drinking alcohol.

How Vietnam War Affected America - 1450 Words

The United States’ war with Vietnam was undoubtedly â€Å"a different kind of war†. Guerilla tactics and a largely jungle environment throughout the theatre of Vietnam made this a supremely unique conflict in the annals of American military history. Faced with this type of unique enemy and terrain, the American Armed Forces undoubtedly had to evolve and adapt their tactics accordingly. One element that is particularly extraordinary and exclusive to the Vietnam War is the development of highly organized scout-sniper training. Prior to the Vietnam War, the United States had zero trained snipers. By the time the War had ended, trained American snipers had killed more than 13,000 enemy soldiers. The impact of these efforts must be examined on a†¦show more content†¦Almost immediately, the program began churning out success stories. This new type of warfare was utterly foreign to many Marines. Lying and waiting on a near invisible enemy to appear and subsequently pulling the trigger only once as opposed to large-scale firefights was counterintuitive during this time period. Nevertheless, the Marine Corps managed to find marksmen who also possessed qualities such as patience, unwavering nerves, and a great deal of confidence. Due to the dire need for snipers at this point in the war, enlisted men spent only three weeks in Land’s sniper training program. Despite the haste in which these men were trained, the 17 original snipers in the 1st Brigade rack up more enemy kills than any other Corps combat battalion in their first three months in the field. The most striking advantage such successful organized sniping brought to American forces was its sheer economic efficiency. In what is often viewed as a war of excess; a war of tremendous financial and human cost, organized scout sniping offered a tremendous amount of value to the United States Armed Forces. According to figures released by the Department of Defense, the average number of r ounds expended in Vietnam to kill one enemy solder with the M-16 was 50,000. The average number of rounds expended by U.S. military snipers to kill one enemy soldier was 1.3 rounds. Thats a cost-difference of $23,000 per kill forShow MoreRelatedThe Secret War And How It Affected The Hmong People1230 Words   |  5 PagesTOPIC: The Secret War and how it affected the Hmong people. SPECIFIC PURPOSE: At the end of my speech, my audience will get a better sense of what the Secret War was and how it affected the Hmong people. INTRODUCTION: Just by the name itself, it can already be implied to what the â€Å"Secret War† was. It was a war that was kept as a secret from the public, and by public, I mean the American public. Many of you may wonder what exactly is the secret war, and I will explain that throughout my speech. ButRead More06.07 Dissilusionment Essay930 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Explain how events such as the Vietnam War and Watergate affected the American public’s opinion of the U.S government. Part I: Read the question above and write down what you think the question is asking in your own words. I think that this question is asking for the American public perception of the US government and their elected officials during both of these events. Both the Vietnam War and Watergate events had big impacts on American society. For example, the Vietnam War was the firstRead MoreThe Vietnam War On American Society932 Words   |  4 Pagesthe growing success and power that Vietnam held. America was calm at first as they held the belief that Vietnam would serve as a barrier to communism. Unfortunately, when communism kept spreading, America panicked. American troops were sent into Vietnam and the citizens of America were lied to about the reason for the presence of the troops in Vietnam. The years 1964 to 1975 were characterized by the negative effects of the Vietnam war on American society and how they heightened social, politicalRead MoreImpact of Vietnam War on American Culture1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War began in the year 1954, after the ascension to power of Ho Chi Minh, who was a communist leader in North Vietnam. The leader was spreading communism, and because the United States wanted to stop the spread, it sent military troops to aid South Vietnamese to stop this vice. The war saw about 3million people die with the inclusion of 58,000 American soldiers. About 150,000 people were wounded during the war. In 1975, South Vietnamese government surrendered the war after the communistRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1693 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica has won the War of Independence, the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Indian Wars, the Civil War, and are back-to-back winners of the World Wars. With the amount of victories made, Americans might try to process the question of who won the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War never had a declared victor. America got involved in the Vietnam War during the year of 1965. The United States first became involved in the war by financially supporting France in the first Indochina War. After thatRead Mor eThe Vietnam War Had A Tremendous Effect On The World1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War had a tremendous effect on the world, especially the United States. Not only did the war affect people in battle, but also left permanent effects on people all over the world. Over 57,000 U.S. citizens died and over 140,000 injured in battle. Multiple Americans were impacted by the war, vast amount of people died but more were injured. North Vietnam won the battle against South Vietnam and their allies. The Fall of Saigon in 1975 was the end of a gruesome war. The war had multipleRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War cost many Americans their lives in the 60s and 70s. Many were drafted into the war by choice and others selectively chosen to join to help America. The contributions made had a major impact on the American side of the Vietnam War. Though many contributions were made none stand out any more than others. It is sometimes said there is alwa ys a hero in the war who helped the victory. Wars, however, do not have war heroes because a hero is making an undeniable contribution to the war andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Vietnam War By Kristen Ann Hass s Making A Memory Of War897 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica’s involvement in the Vietnam War and the toll it had on America as a whole, it can be rather controversial. Many people wonder what the war was even about and some even bring up that the Vietnam War could be considered another Civil War for America. An example of this is how Marilyn Young argues in her article, â€Å"The Vietnam War in American Memory,† how many Americans treat Vietnam as something that happened amongst themselves. I believe what Young meant by this was how throughout the many yearsRead MoreHow Were The Us Soldiers Affected By The Vietnam War?1281 Words   |  6 PagesConnolly US History Date How were the US soldiers affected by the Vietnam War The war in Vietnam was a war against communism that tore apart the US. The United States of America plunged together with its allies and played a tremendous role as far as fight against communism is concerned. A huge number of American soldiers were deployed in Vietnam a practice that coupled with much unpreparedness. The soldiers were not aware what exactly they were up to in Vietnam. Most Americans at the time wereRead MoreThe Vietnam War Changed America1139 Words   |  5 Pages The Vietnam War greatly changed America forever. It was the longest war fought in America’s History, lasting from 1955 to 1973. The Vietnam War tarnished America s self image by becoming the first time in history the United States failed to accomplish its stated war aims, to preserve a separate, independent, noncommunist government. The war also had great effects on the American people. It was the first war ever broadcast on television. The public was able to see what happened on the battl efield

Technology Has Changed Our Lives Essay - 1440 Words

Technology Has Taken Over Our Lives Our society has become dangerously dependent on technology. Easy access to technology during every minute of the day can be useful at some points, but overall is not necessary. Specific problems, and causes will give us a glimpse into our growing dependency and how it is affecting our lives in various ways, none of which are appealing. Our society has become too dependent on technology. New technology used in areas such as medicine, business, manufacturing and production is valuable and beneficial to the world, however the dependence on this technology has made people for example, lack in social tendencies, and become indolent and impatient. Should this dependency escalate, our ability to act on our own will evolve us in some ways into mindless robots. With easy access to friend’s information our society is encouraged to use their technology devices to communicate through text or social media instead of face to face communication. As this continues, our culture will regress even further from human contact. This regression can be detrimental to our relationships with others. Voice activated technology allows us to turn off our brains and let the technology do the work. Our community finds this technology a convenience and decides to depend on voice activated technology to text, change the channel, and even tu rn off the lights in the room. This will further diminish our ability to rely on our own human intellect. The speed of access toShow MoreRelatedTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1413 Words   |  6 Pages Technology affects our lives in a major way. It is hard to go anywhere and not see the changes technology has bought to people now in year 2015. It is hard to even imagine life without technology. It is hard to imagine life without technology because whether it has been in its simplest form technological advances have been being introduced to humanity since the invention of the wheel. Today technology has helped us save time and helps those who use it to complete tasks easier and more efficientlyRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1387 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen many advances in technology from the creation of the telephones, to flip phones, to smartphones and even the computer; technology has increased our ability to communicate more easily and sufficiently. Although technolo gy has greatly impacted our lives in a positive manner, and has made a way of communication much more easier, it also has negative effects that today have made individuals more lazy by the day. Although we have the answer to almost any question right at our fingertips, the increasedRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1204 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology throughout the years has consistently changed the way students, professionals, families, friends, etc. form and carry out relationships with one another. Technology originally started out as a tool to gain information or something as simple as communicating in a more efficient way. Over time technology has changed the way we go about our daily lives as well as who we are as an individual, losing our sense of self perception through the loss of daily personal interactions with individualsRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1396 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology has changed our way of life as human beings; it changed the way we understand the act of work has changed the way we interact with people. Technology is not just a computer or television, its engineering science and in science their goal is to make progress, to understand everything there is to know about us, our planet and beyond. However, the way we understand and experience this concept, it’s just there to makes our lives more efficient. Technology is never the end of the concept. NewRead MoreTechnology And Technology Has Changed Our Lives1418 Words   |  6 PagesIf there is one way our world has changed the most through the centuries is our technology. The way we use technology has progressed from a thing that we once viewed as revolutionary to being looked over. Though technology continues to amazes us with the advances that we make, there is still a sense of it just being part of the norm. However, could it be possible that technology is advancing to quickly? Our world continues to make more and more advances to the point that we can not even keep up andRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1669 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the existence of humanity, technology has evolved with us. Introducing itself primitively with rocks and sticks to compensate for what our hands were not able to do, and ultimately progressing into computers and smartphones to accomplish much more intricate tasks. These devices are now at our disposal, being seen in almost every household and every pocket in the world, but how much does technology actually affect us in our everyday lives? It could be more poignant than most may think.Read MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives1469 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Technology has revolutionized the way in which all humans go about their daily lives. In every second of every day, our world and way of life becomes more developed and dependent on technology for the basic needs of human existences. Whether it is at home, work, school, walking down the street, or listening to music, technology has allowed people to do things better, faster, and more efficiently. As the world continues to explode with new technology being developed and current technology being high-qualityRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives910 Words   |  4 Pagesby using technology. Technology by definition means, the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science.(web). Now a days people use different kinds of technology that brings it to our life like cellphone, iPod, laptop, mp3, and all of the devices create a convenient and comfort for every individual lives. As TechnologyRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives1481 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology, as we know, has completely changed the way every American goes about their daily activities. Today we are able to communicate globally with anyone from any part of the world within seconds, making business and our social lives a million times easier. Look to your left and you will find your cell phone buzzing with missed calls, texts, and social notifications. Look to your right and you will see your emails filling up with the newest offers on fashion or your boss giving you this weeksRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives1698 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology Technology is defined as machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge. Its original use was meant solely for the service of humans, however overtime it has evolved into something much different. What was originally meant to be an assisting piece of machinery has changed almost every aspect of our culture. The way we think, communicate, lie, and even love has been impacted by the use of technology, and all of this is has made for interesting pieces of

Critical Lense Free Essays

Thomas De Quincey once said â€Å" all that is literature seeks to communicate power. † An author communicates a form of power to others through his/her works. Every piece of literature carries a strong message. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Lense or any similar topic only for you Order Now These messages can open a person’s eyes and mind to a new perspective. It can also point out things that have repeated throughout history, like discrimination and hatred towards a certain race or what love can do for people. These messages could show what most people don’t see. Literature works such as To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, and A Thousand Splendid Suns, by Khaled Hosseini, have a very strong message underneath. In To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee is a great novel about discrimination and injustice towards a certain race. This is a great novel about a particular trial, where Atticus Finch, a good lawyer, defends Tom Robinson, whose being accused of raping a young white girl. Tom Robinson is a black man, who has done nothing wrong but is being accused of raping someone just because of his skin color. It did not matter what the black man said back than. Whatever the white person said was always â€Å"right†. One of the themes for this book is the existence of social inequality. The social status of Maycomb was very complicated. At the top you had the Finches, than the Cunninghams, than the Ewells, which were considered white trash. But all the way below the Ewells were the blacks. As you can see, the blacks were below the white trash, they were at the very bottom of the social ladder. This really did effect the society in Maycomb. It divided people up into certain groups. Since the Ewells were above the blacks, it gave them the power to persecute Tom Robinson, an innocent black man. A Thousand Splendid Suns, by Khaled Hosseini, is a story about two women and their lives in Afghanistan. These two women with different ideas about life are brought together by war and loss. As they go through all the dangers that life has brought upon them, they create a strong relationship. They create a mother-daughter and kind of sisters bond. Their abusive husband and the dangerous streets of Kabul have brought them together. This book shows how someone’s love for her family can move this person to shocking self-sacrifice. And the key to surviving all of this is love. Through the theme of female bonds, you can see what the bond of love can do for a women. The efforts of their husband and the government to keep women from having power as much as possible does not work. They form great, strong bonds that give them confidence and strength to fight back. Laila and Miriam form this strong bond together. They both have support in one another. Towards the end, Miriam finally had the strength to fight Rasheed. She did not get this from herself, but from the confidence and love from Laila. As you can see, both of these great novels have a strong message underneath. One of the messages is that social inequality does exist and does destroy people’s lives. The other message is that bonds can give people strength and confidence, which gives them the ability to step up. Love is they key survival of these bonds. Women forms these bonds and have each other’s support and love to give them strength to do more in their life and also to self-sacrifice. Both of these messages have opened people’s eyes to new point of views. How to cite Critical Lense, Papers

Organisation Culture free essay sample

An organizational culture is established by corporate firm to comprehend with the nature of the workplace. Organizational culture does not have an explicit definition although there have been academic researchers attempting to develop a deep understanding of the literature of managing culture. Organizational culture can be evolved from set of rules laid down from the founder of the organization and further developed to match the changes which are generated from the passage of time. Nonetheless, there are also a few numbers of organizations which keep their old regulations as a belief of their cultural persistency. Organizational culture, therefore, can be seen as the shared values, norms, belief and assumptions that an individual hold in common with members within a corporate firm or social group (Ogbonna, 1992). This essay is aimed to establish that organizational culture is manageable. By taking one of Linda Smircich’s approaches (1983), culture is seen as a dependent variable that an organization has. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is possible to argue that culture can be modified and changed as long as there is a thorough understanding of how and why it is evolved and developed. People from the workforce may rely on a manner which is shaped from the shared experiences from their seniors or even the founders of the organizations. As the time passes on, this manner has essentially formed a common belief of the organization in order to achieve its ultimate goal. Culture may then develop into a persistency of the organization, but it is still possible to be managed. Communication between the managers and employees takes an important role in this respect. In order to modify a well-based organizational culture, the workforce needs to have a deep understanding of their given task, roles and the meanings. Evidence on this matter will be perceived from a list of referenced texts as referred to below. Another position to be demonstrated in this essay is that organizational culture is critical to the success of any organization. As organizational culture is established and developed to a large extend for the betterment of workflow and ultimately achieving the corporate goals, it is therefore critical to the success of an organization. The way to achieve a corporate goal is first of all to obtain a thorough understanding of the organization culture and how it affects the workflow. According to Peters and Waterman’s statement in 1982, the strengthening of corporate culture enhances organizational performance by securing greater commitment and flexibility from employees. E. Ogbonna (1985) illustrated that when organizational culture is taken as something that organization has, it becomes a powerful organizational tool. It shapes a sense of belonging to the members, controls the workflow behavior, establishes rules and directs decision makers. It, therefore, can be argued that organization culture is a definite factor to the success of an organization. To Manage Organizational Culture Corporate Culture has become a main theme in organization studies since the 1980’s. Researchers and practitioners often argue that whether the culture can be managed while they attempt to redefine and examine the literature on managing culture. A well-known definition was made by Edgar Schein in his model of organization culture. In 1985, he identified three distinct levels in organization culture: 1. Artifacts and behavior – physical manifestations 2. Espoused values – shared believes, rules of behavior, professionalism 3. Assumptions – taken-for-granted, deeply embedded behavior It is common to believe that the first two levels in an organization culture can be modified feasibly. However, the third level describes a basic conception that leads to the employees’ consciousness in terms of their work ethics and the prospect of responsibilities. Some debate that it is a phenomenon which constructs the root of an organization. A root can be changed upon a complete change in the entire organization. However, there are other practitioners debate that it is only challenging and not impossible at all to change. Organization don’t have cultures, they are cultures, and this is why culture is so difficult to change. † (Siehl,1985). Approaches to Manage Culture Effectively There are a number of approaches attempting to achieve a change in organizational culture. In 1976, Silverzweig and Allen developed ‘normative system’ model which summarizes the approaches to a change in o rganizational culture. It states that the culture is a set of norms and shared values that make major influences to the members in terms of their behavior and thus, the workflow within the organization. The workflow behavior can essentially be managed by altering the environment. This can finally lead to a change in values and expectations in a long-term period. In order to achieve a change in organizational culture, firstly, it is important to analyze the existing culture and establish a thorough understanding of the way it has been developed. Secondly, it is necessary to get the members involved in the system by giving them opportunities to question their old beliefs in order to establish a positive outcome from the desired culture. Thirdly, management team members are to act as a role models to persuade other members in the organization to accept the newly developed culture. Lastly, evaluations of its effectiveness in terms of goal achievement need to be done to keep the culture permanent. There is no point to develop a new culture when there is little or no effect on the improvement of the workflow. (Silvezweig and Allen, 1972) Factors Analysis There are few other factors to argue whether the organizational culture is manageable. Firstly, the leaders and management team members of the organization need to take on the most important role. To make sure that the organization is supportive with the change in culture, the management team members need to have a good communication with the other members of the firm (Ogbonna, 1992). Secondly, it is important for the employees to understand their roles and responsibilities within the organization. Through these understandings, employees will have the vision to a change in behavior. As mentioned above that a culture is dependent on individual behavior and it is, therefore, crucial to mange each and every behavior that forms the workflow in order to manage a culture properly. Lastly, enthusiasm of changing can drive the whole operation. Enthusiasm comes from realization of corporate goal which in term affected by the existing culture. Enthusiasm can be managed to spread through the entire organization by a way of communication. A Critical Factor of Goal Achievement A corporate firm is normally started with a clear statement of an ultimate goal. A set of rules and expectation will be formed after evaluating the possible ways of achievement. This leads to a formation of norms, values which share between members of the group and this generally defines organizational culture later as the firm operates. Referring to E. Ogbonna’s theory about organization culture, it simply implies that an organization culture controls employees’ individual behavior and thus develops to an extend betterment of workflow. It is also consistent with some of other researchers (Peters and Waterman, 1982; Linda Smircich, 1983; Jay B Barney 1986). While it is unclear about the exact definition of organizational culture, there is a broad agreement about culture leads to better overall performance. Organizational Culture and Its Effectiveness Identified by a model developed by Silverzweig and Allen (1976), â€Å"people tend to form shared values when they come into a sustained period of interaction; that there are set of norms and expectation which whilst not written, constitute a major influence on the behaviors of members. † (Ogbonna, 1992) Organization culture shapes a basic assumption that is shared by each and every of the member in the organization. Their behavior in the workflow becomes a dependent variable, simply depending on the culture and organizational environment. It is essential for the co-workers to have similar behavior in the same environment without concerning their consciousness or willingness. â€Å"Culture may also be regarded as the expression of unconscious psychological processes. † (Linda Smircich, 1983) Researchers also believe that culture forms a foundation concept of the organization, control workflow and individual members to work as one team, which leads to an alteration of overall performance, depending on the strength of the culture itself. Factors Analysis In order for a culture to provide advantages to organization performance, there are a few conditions must be met. Firstly, The corporate culture must be strong. This means that all members are supportive towards the corporate culture and keen to be part of the organization. This can be achieved by recognizing the corporate goal, rewarding individual members symbolically and materially, identifying their sense of purpose with values that are designed into the organization (Hugh Willmott, 1993). Secondly, the culture must be unique. There were a few studies in organization previously showed that organization culture cannot be imitated or borrowed due to a number of differences, for example, corporate goals, organization structures and etc. When concepts are borrowed from other disciplines, they may not be suitable in terms of goal achievement. This may also result in confusion in the concept of a culture or a dilution of the original power from the workforce (V. Lynn Meek, 1988). Lastly, the management of organization culture plays the most important role for a corporate firm to be successful. As discussed earlier in the essay, culture is a tool for an organization and it is possible to be managed. In terms of goal achievement, it is a matter of how well an organization can manage its culture. A certain culture cannot be used to solve organizational problems over the time. Since there are certain factors that affect the efficiency of a corporate firm (e. g. technology, financial status of the firm etc), it is essential to change values and behavior patterns as time passes on. In long term, this is necessary to be managed as to remain or increase the efficiency of the organization. Conclusion To summarize the essay, organization culture is manageable and it is critical to the success of any organization. The basis of the argument is that culture should be treated as a managing tool that the organization used to manage its people and production. When culture is defined as the Schein’s model in terms of the three distinct levels (artifacts, values and assumptions), the difficultness in managing the culture graduate increases as the level increases, although some argues that there will come to a level that is impossible to manage. Organizational culture can always be managed as long as there is a thorough understanding of how the existing culture evolved. A study conveyed by Silverzweig and Allen summarizes the approaches attempt to manage the culture effectively. The four steps to achieve such approach are analyzing the existing culture, get all members involved, anagers to act as role models and evaluating the new culture. By attempting the four steps, it is agreed broadly that it can effectively manage a culture. This is also one of the factors to achieve a crucial success in an organization. The reason that organizational culture is critical to a firm to achieve its corporate goal is that effect of organizational culture has influences on individuals as well as the whole organizational workflow and behavior pattern. For a successful organization, it is essential for it to have a strong and unique culture. It is also crucial for managers to have an in-depth knowledge on how to manage the organization culture effectively, in order to encounter organizational sociology causes by factors such as technology improvement and financial stability of the organization as time passes on. A well-managed organizational culture may have impact on the workflow behavior. It also provides power to persuade members of the organization to work in one self, and thus, adding efficiency in production. Therefore, organizational culture is not only essential but critical to the success of an organization.

Free Essays on Alcibiades

The history of Greece includes many â€Å"great† men: some led them to glory, and some led them to destruction. Assess the qualities, weaknesses and contributions of Alcibiades and review the war between Athens and Sparta. Alcibiades was one of the so-called â€Å"great† men during the Peloponnesian Wars’ between Athens and Sparta. The Peloponnesian War took place in ancient Greece from 431 B.C. to 404 B.C. There are many factors that led up to the Peloponnesian war. One of these factors came from the Persian defeat. Yet another was Alcibiades himself. This along with the overall arrogance of the Athenians in general brewed a pot of war ready to boil over. The war between Athens and Sparta was ready to erupt far before it actually did. Athens’ always knew that Sparta was the only other power in Greece that could contend with them. Many of the Delian League (a group of counties formed to keep the Persians in line after the Persian War, Western Civilizations pg 137) city-states began to rebel against Athenian control shortly after the defeat of the Persian Empire. Athens, needing the control of these lands and money, quickly squashed these rebellions and imposed Athenian citizens into the city-states. This obviously started the further dislike of Athenians by the rest of Greece. With this further content the Corinthians persuaded Sparta that war with Athens was inevitable. Once the war finally erupted in 431 B.C., the Athenians came to the quick conclusion that they could not possibly defeat the Spartans in land warfare. Thus they devised a new strategy. They brought all the Athenians inside the walls of Athens. They then set out against the Spartan forces by sea. Since the Spartans had almost no naval war ships, they suffered tremendous defeats to Athens navy time and time again. This strategy was a simple plan based on waiting out the Spartan forces inside the walls of Athens while the Helots (a person... Free Essays on Alcibiades Free Essays on Alcibiades The history of Greece includes many â€Å"great† men: some led them to glory, and some led them to destruction. Assess the qualities, weaknesses and contributions of Alcibiades and review the war between Athens and Sparta. Alcibiades was one of the so-called â€Å"great† men during the Peloponnesian Wars’ between Athens and Sparta. The Peloponnesian War took place in ancient Greece from 431 B.C. to 404 B.C. There are many factors that led up to the Peloponnesian war. One of these factors came from the Persian defeat. Yet another was Alcibiades himself. This along with the overall arrogance of the Athenians in general brewed a pot of war ready to boil over. The war between Athens and Sparta was ready to erupt far before it actually did. Athens’ always knew that Sparta was the only other power in Greece that could contend with them. Many of the Delian League (a group of counties formed to keep the Persians in line after the Persian War, Western Civilizations pg 137) city-states began to rebel against Athenian control shortly after the defeat of the Persian Empire. Athens, needing the control of these lands and money, quickly squashed these rebellions and imposed Athenian citizens into the city-states. This obviously started the further dislike of Athenians by the rest of Greece. With this further content the Corinthians persuaded Sparta that war with Athens was inevitable. Once the war finally erupted in 431 B.C., the Athenians came to the quick conclusion that they could not possibly defeat the Spartans in land warfare. Thus they devised a new strategy. They brought all the Athenians inside the walls of Athens. They then set out against the Spartan forces by sea. Since the Spartans had almost no naval war ships, they suffered tremendous defeats to Athens navy time and time again. This strategy was a simple plan based on waiting out the Spartan forces inside the walls of Athens while the Helots (a person...

How to Write a Family History Project

How to Write a Family History Project Writing a family history may seem like a daunting task, but when the relatives start nagging, you can follow these five  easy steps to make your family history project a reality. Choose a Format What do you envision for your family history project? A simple photocopied booklet shared only with family members or a full-scale, hard-bound book to serve as a reference for other genealogists? Perhaps youd rather produce a family newsletter, cookbook, or website. Now is the time to be honest with yourself about the type of family history that meetings your needs and your schedule. Otherwise, youll have a half-finished product nagging you for years to come. Considering your interests, potential audience, and the types of materials you have to work with, here are some forms your family history can take: Memoir/Narrative: A combination of story and personal experience, memoirs,  and narratives do not need to be all-inclusive or objective. Memoirs usually focus on a specific episode or time period in the life of a single ancestor, while a narrative generally encompasses a group of ancestors.Cookbook: Share your familys favorite recipes while writing about the people who created them. A fun project to assemble, cookbooks help carry on the family tradition  of cooking and eating together.Scrapbook or Album: If youre fortunate enough to have a large collection of family photos and memorabilia, a scrapbook or photo album can be a fun way to tell your familys story. Include your photos in chronological order and include stories, descriptions, and family trees to complement the pictures. Most family histories are generally narrative in nature, with a combination of personal stories, photos, and family trees. Define the Scope Do you intend to write mostly about just one particular relative, or everyone in your family tree? As the author, you need to choose a focus for your family history book. Some possibilities include: Single Line of Descent:  Begin  with the earliest known ancestor for a particular surname and follows him/her through a single line of descent (to yourself, for example). Each chapter of your book would cover one ancestor or generation.All Descendants Of...:  Begin  with an individual or couple and cover all of their descendants, with chapters organized by generation. If youre focusing your family history on an immigrant ancestor, this is a good way to go.Grandparents:  Include  a section on each of your four grandparents, or eight great-grandparents, or sixteen great-great-grandparents if you are feeling  ambitious. Each individual section should focus on one grandparent and work backward through their ancestry or forward from his/her earliest known ancestor. Again, these suggestions can easily be adapted to fit your interests, time constraints,  and creativity. Set Realistic Deadlines Even though youll likely find yourself scrambling to meet them, deadlines force you to complete each stage of your project. The goal here is to get each piece done within a specified time frame. Revising and polishing can always be done later. The best way to meet these deadlines is to schedule writing time, just as you would a visit to the doctor or the hairdresser. Choose a Plot and  Themes Thinking of your ancestors as characters in your family  story, ask yourself: what problems and obstacles did they face? A plot gives your family history interest and focus. Popular family history plots and themes include: Immigration/MigrationRags to RichesPioneer or Farm LifeWar Survival Do Your Background Research If you want your family history to read more like a suspense novel than a dull, dry textbook,  it is important to make the reader feel like an eyewitness to your familys life. Even when your ancestors didnt leave accounts of their daily lives, social histories can help you learn about the experiences of people in a given time and place. Read town and city histories to learn what life was life during certain periods of interest.  Research timelines  of wars, natural disasters, and epidemics to see if any might have influenced your ancestors. Read up on the fashions, art, transportation, and common foods of the time. If you havent already, be sure to interview all of your living relatives. Family stories told in a relatives own words will add a personal touch to your book. Dont Be Afraid to Use Records and Documents Photos, pedigree charts, maps, and other illustrations can also add interest to family history and help break up the writing into manageable chunks for the reader. Be sure to include detailed captions for any photos or illustrations that you incorporate. Include an Index and Source Citations Source citations are an essential part of any family book, to both provide credibility to your research, and to leave a trail that others can follow to verify your findings.

Physiology and Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Physiology and Function - Essay Example This condition is tied to deficiencies in the production of red blood cells in its key factory, the bone marrow, and can be caused by a number of factors, including kidney disease in chronic form, cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis, even as some forms of anemia, such as sickle cell anemia, can be passed on from parent to offspring (ADAM, 2012). Basophils: Basophils are a type of white blood cells in the human body (Childrens Hospital and Health System, 2012). As a white blood cell type, its function basically revolves around protection of the body from infections and diseases. This is done via basophils eating up invading pathogens. Their cytoplasmic contents include grain-like substances, and basophils in general have a dark purple to black hue in Wright stains (MedFriendly, n.d.). Eosinophils: Eosinophils are likewise a type of white blood cells in the human body (Childrens Hospital and Health System, 2012). It is also disease and infection fighting. While they are beneficial in attacking foreign bodies, they can cause disease in large amounts, including asthma, and parasitic diseases (MedicineNet, 2012). Erythrocytes: Erythrocyte is another term for red blood cells, and in general, as already discussed above, erythrocyte are involved in oxygen transport throughout the body, emanating from the lungs. They also are the carriers for carbon dioxide. (Childrens Hospital and Health System, 2012). Normal erythrocytes are biconcave, yellow in color, and has in it the hemoglobin oxygen carriers. Abnormal types include basophilic and hypochromic erythrocytes, the latter a condition where red blood cell counts are lower than normal, healthy values (Saunders,

The Odyssey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Odyssey - Essay Example The second stage is "a road of trials". For Odyssey, his journey consists of: love of Calypso and building of a ship to escape; trials with the Cyclops and the Phaeacian princess, love with Circe and journey into Hades, and battle with Scylla. The third stage is "achieving the goal or "boon". It means new world perception and views created during the journey. Odyssey understands that faith is the foundation of morality which cannot be removed by new impressions and temptation. He feels that, as morality is created by God, those who reject faith are in turn rejecting individualistic way of life. The forth stage is "a return to the ordinary world". From the very beginning Odyssey fails this trial, because nobody recognized him but his old nurse, Eurycleia. Penelope suspects that it could be her husband and organized a competition won by Odyssey. She promises to marry a winner, when Odyssey won this contest they reunite. The fifth stage includes "application of the boon". At the end, Od yssey visits his father and stops vendetta. His father kills Antinous's father and peace is maintained. In sum, The Odyssey displays the many qualities that archetypal heroes had in common.

The application of Strategic Change Management in Toyota

The application of Strategic Change Management in Toyota This report deeply discusses the application of the Strategic Change Management in worlds fifth biggest company, Toyota Motor Corporation which is founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937. As an organization which has significant changes through last years, The Toyota Motor Corporation will be a good example. As the worlds largest automobile manufacture, The Toyota aims continue the 21st century with stable long-term growth whereas determine for harmony with society, People and the environment. According to the Vision of the Toyota, Good corporate citizen, they focus on constantly winning the trust and respect of the international community. The Toyota Motor Corporation always adopt with business environment for the purpose of long term growth. The Toyota Motor Corporation implemented The Toyota Way 2001 in April 2001 by expressing values and guidelines that should be embraced by all employees in the Toyota. There are four components in The Toyota Way 2001 As a root for Management Decisions, think long-term. Problem-solving process Develop employees for Adding value to Toyota Recognize the solving root problems constantly initiatives organizational learning The Toyota Motor Corporation Makes decisions gently by consensus, Consider entire options thoroughly and implement its decisions rapidly with the changing environment. The Toyota Motor Corporation is now expanded in different countries and worldwide market and it has grown-up as a large multinational corporation from wherever it started. In 2008 it displaced General Motor and became the largest automobile manufacturer. The Toyota Motor Corporation acquired 51% ownership of Daihatsu, 16.7% ownership of Fuji Heavy Industries and acquired 5.9% of Isuzu Motors Ltd in 2006. The Toyota Motor Corporation is planning to introduce Isuzu diesel technology for the products of Toyota. The Toyota introduced new technologies comprising hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles which are one of the first mass-production and it is sold 2 million in global by 2010. The Toyota accepted The Global Vision 2020, that is established the Guiding Principles at Toyota in 2007. It has drafted management plan from medium to long term and how work Toyota in order to achieve its goal. Likewise, The Toyota always is making decisions and implements changes in terms of achieving goals with changing environment. In this report, first discuss the background to the change affecting Toyota Motor Corporation. In here, try to identify a range of models in Change Management, Factors to change and value of intervention techniques. At the next step, recognise the issues in strategic changes. Then identify the key stakeholders in Toyota, develop systems for understating them and analyse the benefits and drawbacks of these systems. After that explain how the organization can develop strategy for a change with its key stakeholders and for managing resistance to change. Finally, plan to implement a model in order to achieve its goals and discuss how to measure the improvements. TASK 01: BACK GROUND TO THE STRATEGIC CHANGE IN THE ORGANIZATION In terms of achievement of the Global Vision 2020 the Toyota has to change their system according to the plan that they have drafted. Models In Change Management First of all, The Toyota should be explored that the models in change Management which they can follow. Here, we can discuss, Freeze Phases (Developed by Kurt Lewin 1975) Concept of Force Field (By Kurt Lewin) Transition Modal ( by Beckhard 1969) Change through the learning of organization ( By Peter Senge 1992) Change by entrepreneurship ( By Rosabeth Moss Kanter) Freeze Phases (Developed by Kurtt Lewin 1975) This is one of the most useful models we can use for successful change. This is proposed by Kurt Lewin (1975). He discussed the model of change in three steps or three stages as given below. Unfreezing Finding alterations or reductions for change that most employees can understand and accept those factors easily. Changing developing patterns of their behaviours in new attitudes, feedback on new information and new change. Refreezing Supporting devices to make sure the patterns of the new behaviour is maintained. At the stage of Unfreezing, the managers use the threat of competitors from external environment to make sure that employees are jolted out of satisfaction with current situation. At the stage of changing, develop or change the new attitude, behaviour and feedback on new information and implementation of change. At the refreezing, the managers have danger in generating a new system. Concept of Force Field (By Kurt Lewin) This concept also created by Kurt Lewin (1975). When there is a change required by driving forces or restrictive forces motivate to maintain the current situation, this concept of Force Field can apply. Change is possible by identifying driving forces and utilising them while minimising restrictive forces. Organizational Goals and objectives, problems and need Driving Forces Restrictive Forces (Forces Favoured on change) (Forces restricted on change) Current Situation Change through the learning of organization (By Peter Senge 1992) He explained this model by five core competencies involve in creating learning organization. Create a shared vision to make sure that employees are focused on Personal mastery learning by persons who are frequently finding out how creates more of what matter to them. Working with people to overcome their challenge such as unconscious assumptions and to appreciate. Learning about team. The learning organization is required individuals to gather together and work as a team. The systems focus on importance of consideration on interrelationships and networks rather than distribute the problems in to parts and performing with alone. Intensification of factors that driving to change External Triggers to Change Because of the external development the change is necessary. The Toyota should be come to terms with number of external factors including global market share, environmental issues, and changes in demographically and awareness of health. Eventually, these factors will cause to triggers to change. It is very clear that the external triggers are occurred by the direct action (Task Environment) and indirect action (General Environment) of the organization. These changes in both two environments have to be monitored and reacted according to them. When considering the general environment of the Toyota Motor Corporation, those triggers can be discussed under PESTLE. Political effects of new government. As an example, in 2010 the US government required from The Toyota Motor Corporation a penalty of US$16.375 million for its delayed response to the notifying the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Changes in economy such as global competition, fluctuation of exchange rates, activity level of macro economy. As an example, in 2008 The Toyota Motor Corporation had to face the global financial crisis of 2008 and it was in a loss after 70 years. Changes of social or demographic such as education level and changes of expectation or values. Because of the succession of Toyota Team Europe in 1997, The Toyota Motor Corporation decided to implement the TMME, Toyota Motor Europe Marketing Engineering. After two years, The Toyota could create the customer base in the United Kingdom, since the Toyotas cars were very popular among the British people. Changes in Technology such as innovations and developments in product and production process. The Toyota Sienna, popular minivan is programmed to join the hybrid line-up by 2010, and it plans to suggest its entire line-up of cars, SUVs, and trucks with a Hybrid Synergy Drive option by 2030. By 2012 also Toyota hopes to issue an electric version of the RAV4. Implications of the legal environment like government policies. Tariff on Imports introduced by government As an example, in 2010 the US government required from The Toyota Motor Corporation a penalty of US$16.375 million for its delayed response to the notifying the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Environmental implications by legislation The Toyota Motor Corporation is a leader in manufacturing vehicle environment friendly technologies. In 2005, Toyota implemented Fourth Environmental Action Plan. The Task Environment discuses about all stakeholders, those who can effect to the Toyota and who can effected by the Toyota as well. The economist Michael Porter introduced this context and it has five dimensions. Power of Buyer: Develop the new market and search for a new customer base for the products of Toyota. Because of the succession of Toyota Team Europe in 1997, The Toyota Motor Corporation decided to implement the TMME, Toyota Motor Europe Marketing Engineering. After two years, The Toyota could create the customer base in the United Kingdom Power of Suppliers: Seek the new bases of raw materials to make sure that they can supply continuously and stability of the prices of materials. Threatens from its substitute: Develop the awareness of the customers about benefits from the products not reached through substitutions. Entry barriers to the Market: It is good to make the advantages from economies of scale in production which cost savings can be delivered to the customer The degree in rivalry of inter-firm: Put effort on making agreement with the competitors to level of advertising. Internal Triggers to Change The internal triggers will occur as the result of: A new head in the organization When performing external organization by benchmarking exercises Dissatisfaction of the management with the current situation Conflict of the management and employees The system approach highlighting the necessities of interrelationship within subsystem in the Toyota Motor Corporation, such as, Responsibilities that everybody has Technology that they using Employees of the organization Structure of the organization Management of the organization After summarising all the factors which driving to change the organization I can suggest the Concept of Force Field (By Kurt Lewin) is the best model for managing the change in The Toyota Motor Corporation. The Force Field Analysis is really important to identify all the forces which favourable on change and on the other hand it identify forces which are against to the change. In addition to that it helps us to consider the importance of these factors and to make the decision whether the implementation of the plan for change is worth. When we made the decision to carry out the plan, the Force Field Analysis is supported to recognise the changes that we have to make to improve it. TASK 02: UNDERSTAND ABOUT THE ISSUES IN STRATECIG CHANGE According to the explanation of Richard Daft (1998) there are some key parameters that would be observed for the purpose of succession of change in the organization. Needs and Ideas for the change If there is not a perceived need for the change, ideas not considered seriously. When managers identified the gap between predicted performance and the actuals performance, the perceived need arise. Success of change would be difficult whereas the organisational culture is very strong or interest is obliged by internal stability. Ability to adopt When the decision makers of the organization decided to go ahead with the suggested Idea, Adoption will occur. The top managers and employees of the organisation should be agreed to support for the change. Sometimes the decision might be required by signing a legal document by the directors in occasions such as acquisition of ownership in another company. For any small changes, the formal approval of the middle management is enough. Available resources Resources requires at the time of scheming, planning, and implementing of the change and reinforcing change as well. Most of the innovations are going over the budgeted funds and requires special funds. Implementation When the organisation decided to make a plan to utilise new ideas, techniques or a system, the implementation will occur. This would be happened to a system that already exists such as, approval system for capital spending, budgeting process for departments or divisions. The organization should be acquired the equipment and materials and the employees should be trained to use their ideas. Managerial Barriers to the Change The Managers can generate barriers for the benefits of change. The management can generate mistakes by ignoring their objectives, availability of materials or resources and the alternatives they able to undertake. There are several factors to describe by Daft and they are discussing as a framework for this issue. Extreme focus on costs The management always possess by mind-set that the most importance thing is cost and they forget to appreciate that the cost is not the most important thing for the change, as an example when we suppose to change employee motivation or customer satisfaction at higher level. Unless the forthcoming yields are considerable, when performance of an idea that cost more than existing applies, is unlikely to be accepted. Failures in highlighting benefits Both negative and positive responses will be produced by any kind of changes. The managers should be perceived more positive aspects than the negative aspects of the change and education would be helpful for the manager to achieve this. Lack of corporation and coordination ability Because of the lack of coordination to the implementation of the change, organizational conflict and fragmentation will be resulted. In addition to that, the old and new systems might not be compatible. Sometimes, the progress at the operational level may be seriously slow and the performance of the new system is not known. This type of problem will arise in projects that re-engineering the business process since, failure to assume properly that how thing are going on currently. Uncertainty avoidance The managers fear uncertainty related to the change at the single level. To avoid this situation communication should be strong horizontally. Then the team may know how process is going on and they can understand the how the change will impact on their duties. Fears on Loss- Fear of loss are related to uncertainty of avoidance. Managers may feel fear not only about their status and authority but also about their jobs. TASK 03: IDENTIFY THE RESPONSES TO CHANGE BY THE STAKEHOLDERS AND OVERCOMING THE RESISTANCE FOR CHANGE The all activities of The Toyota Motor Corporation are directly associated with its key holders such as shareholders, customers, employees, competitors and etc. So, it is really important to concentrate about stakeholders responses on change. The organizational goals and The Global Vision 2020 of Toyota is affected by performance and work return and the responses by its stake holders. Therefore it is very essential to create a positive image of the strategic change for both Toyota and its stakeholders. The stakeholders of the Toyota highly concentrate on benefits that they could have through the strategic change. The shareholders of Toyota Motor Corporation are seeking higher return for their investments, the employees are expecting salary increment and as well as good working environment in their working places and customers are expecting batter value for their investments on Toyota Vehicles due to the strategic change in Toyota Motor Corporation. Consequently if there is any failure on strategic Change in Toyota it will badly effect on response of stakeholders. Therefore the responses of the stakeholders to change are really important to make decision on Strategic Change. Because the strategic change, can be accepted or rejected by the stakeholders. How Attitudes of stakeholders will effect on Strategic Change Resistance on change can be forecast if the change is inevitable. As the responsible persons in the organization, top management of Toyota Motor Corporation should be focus on how and why resistance to change grows within the organization. Torrington and Weightman (1994) distinguish the different types of change experience. Imposition, Commenced by The Toyota from on High Adaptation, make changes in behaviors or attitudes of stakeholders Growth, favorable responses for opportunities Creativity, when stakeholders are initiator and they in control The imposition complies with resistance, adaptation complies with uncertainty, growth complies with delight and creativity complies with excitement. Therefore the management of the Toyota need be strong with skills to, Overcome the resistance or find other alternatives for change methods. Win the uncertainty Encourage the stakeholders and subordinates to get favorable response. There are some spectrum conceivable reactions to the objective of the change programme. Enthusiastic Corporation, acceptance or corporation under pressure from the management. Inactive Resignation Loss of interest, Least Contribution, Indifference Inactive Resistance non-learning behavior, regressive behavior Active Resistance working to rule, least work, protest, sabotages, obligating errors, Organizational change always encounter certain resistance may be simple. The change can be threatened by resistance but it is not amazement. Reasons for the resistance can be summarized as follows, Poor understanding about nature of the strategic change and what are the reason for that strategic change Believes of stakeholders: they think that their personal goals and interest would be threatened due to strategic change. Contradictory assessment on costs and advantages of the strategic change for the Toyota Motor Corporation. Lack of confidence about initializing the change and their intentions These clarifications for the resistance can be explained by concentrating on strategic change at individual level and then small group in the organization. Resistance by employees of working groups or informal group is possible to pose more troubles for the Management of the organization. Overcome the resistance to change Because of the poor understanding and the poor communication, resistance may be occurred. Though, if there are any serious matters for the resistance, a complex approach would be required. The management of the organization should be able to adopt with flexible approach to manage the strategic change and identify the main contingent issues in every situation. The managers should be able to identify the different types of resistance. Ignoring : I dont have enough information to make decision Delay for the judgment : I can wait and see how it going on for the decision Self-justifying Stances: Ooh Other solutions are better than me. this will not work Scarcity: I cant allow this to proceed. It is very costly Worry: I am sure. I cant work on this new system Disaffection: this is separate from my duty and from my division Experienced refusal: We tried on this before and it was failed Loss of Authority: It has to give up control Avoidance: I am not interest to computers Resistance may be meeting with face to face conflict. Normally it will indicate that the objectives of the organization had not been explained properly. It is better to listen the complaints, let the annoyance surface and finally makes calm behavior in all circumstances of conflict. Six Methods to overcome the resistance Develop the Education and Communication Improve the involvement and participating Providing supports and Facilitation Make better negotiation and agreement Improve cooperation and Manipulation Explicit and implicit coercion (Kotter and Schlesinger -1979) When we try to implement last two methods will raise legal and ethical problems. And also cause to make the situation worse. These methods are not mutually exclusive but managers make the decision in effective way by combining them. TASK 04 IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE MODELS FOR THE STRATEGIC CHANGE AND MEASURING THE EXPECTATION OF STRATEGIC CHANGE The implementation of strategic can be valued, to make sure the ongoing change. For the implementation of strategic change we can establish monitoring and review techniques. The strategic change would be able to implement within the Toyotas stakeholders for the purpose of achieving Global Vision 2020. When we implement the strategic plan to the organization we have to implement it step by step. We can suggest a change process as follow: Recognize the problems in the Toyota Motor Corporation Observe the reasons for those problems and analyze the solutions to overcome them Select and plan alternative solution Implement the planned solutions Communicate the learning process and allow organization to deal with ongoing change (Senior and Fleming 2006) The managers can state the strategic change plan by allocating employees into separate teams and instructing them. Therefore each team automatically will used to implement the strategic plan easily. Making teams within the organization is very essential to evaluate strategic changes. The outcomes should be able to monitor and evaluate the performance of team workers for the successful implementation. The management can introduce incentive scheme for the best team for the purpose of motivation through success in strategic management by monitoring and evaluating the each team. According to my point of view, I can suggest the Concept of Force Field (By Kurt Lewin) is the best model for managing the change in The Toyota Motor Corporation. The Force Field Analysis is really important to identify all the forces which favourable on change and on the other hand it identify forces which are against to the change. In addition to that it helps us to consider the importance of these factors and to make the decision whether the implementation of the plan for change is worth. As an example, when The Toyota Motor Corporation target to issue an electric version of the RAV4 by 2012. Target to issue an electric version of the RAV4 by 2012 Driving Forces Restrictive Forces Customer wants new product Loss of staff overtime Improve speed of production Cost Raise volume output Staff afraid to new technology Control rising maintenance Cost Environmental impact (Forces Favoured on change) (Forces restricted on change) Current Situation We can use action plan to review the process of implementation. In addition realize the present position in the organization after the strategic change. By using action plan we can recognize the time frame and difference between expected level and actual level of the strategic change in the organization. By recording, keeping, monitoring and evaluating the changes we can make sure the on-going change in organization. We can check whether expected performance have achieved by stakeholders through the strategic management by measuring actual performance. CONCLUSION This report deeply discussed the application of the Strategic Change Management in worlds fifth biggest company, Toyota Motor Corporation. According to the Vision of the Toyota, Good corporate citizen, they focus on constantly winning the trust and respect of the international community. The Toyota Motor Corporation always adopt with business environment for the purpose of long term growth. In terms of achievement of the Global Vision 2020 the Toyota has to change their system according to the plan that they have drafted. Because of the external development the change is necessary. The Toyota should be come to terms with number of external factors including global market share, environmental issues, and changes in demographically and awareness of health. Eventually, these factors will cause to triggers to change. The all activities of The Toyota Motor Corporation are directly associated with its key holders such as shareholders, customers, employees, competitors and etc. So, it is really important to concentrate about stakeholders responses on change. The organizational goals and The Global Vision 2020 of Toyota is affected by performance and work return and the responses by its stake holders. Therefore it is very essential to create a positive image of the strategic change for both Toyota and its stakeholders.

Dalit literature Essay

Chaucer and the Elizabethan Age The Neo Classical Age The Romantic and the Victorian Ages Twentieth Century Theory and practice of Translation 4 4 4 Max. Marks Uni. CIA Exam. 25 75 25 75 25 75 6 6 30 4 3 19 25 25 125 75 75 375 100 100 500 Ins. Hrs/ Week 6 6 6 Credit Total 100 100 100 I Year II Semester MAIN Paper-5 MAIN Paper-6 MAIN Paper-7 MAIN Paper-8 COMPULSORY PAPER ELECTIVE Paper-2 English Language and Linguistics Indian Literature in English Shakespeare American Literature Human Rights New Literatures English 6 5 6 5 2 6 30 5 5 5 5 2 3 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 150 75 75 75 75 75 75 450 100 100 100 100 100. 100 600 II year III Semester MAIN MAIN MAIN MAIN Paper-9 Paper-10 Paper-11 Paper-12 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 25 25 25 25 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 ELECTIVE Paper-3 Commonwealth Literature Literary Theory and Criticism I English Language Teaching Literature, Analysis, Approaches and Applications Film Reviews and Presentation 6 30 3 23 25 125 75 375 100 500 MAIN MAIN MAIN MAIN ELECTIVE Paper-13 Paper-14 Paper-15 Paper-16 Paper-4 (or) Project 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 3 25 25 25 25 25 75 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 100 30 23 125 375 500 II Year IV Semester Literary Theory and Criticism II Soft Skills, Literature and Movies. World Classics in Translation Women’s Writing in English Anatomy of Literature Total 1 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Papers Credit Total Credits Marks Total marks MAIN 16 4-5 76 100 1600 ELECTIVE 4 3 12 100 400 COMPULSORY PAPER 1 2 2 100 100 21 – 90 – 2100 Subject Total 2 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) THIRUVALLUVAR UNIVERSITY M. A. ENGLISH SYLLABUS UNDER CBCS (with effect from 2012-2013) SEMESTER I PAPER – 1 CHAUCER AND THE ELIZABETHAN AGE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to early English literature with special reference to transition from middle English to the Elizabethan ethos. 2. introduced to the earliest English writers through representative texts 3. to gain a deeper knowledge of the writers and their works UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Chaucer : Prologue to the Canterbury Tales : The Knight, The Prioress, The Wife of Bath and the Doctor of Physic. 2. John Donne : 1) The Canonization 2) Valediction Forbidding Mourning 3) Go and Catch a Falling Star UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Edmund Spenser : Prothalamion 2. Wyatt and Surrey : As Sonneteers 3. Ballads 3 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Bacon : Of Truth, Of Adversity, Of Parents and Children, Of Ambition 2. The Gospel according to St. Mark (MacMillan Annotated Classics) 3. Thomas More : The Utopia UNIT-IV : DRAMA Webster :The Duchess of Malfi UNIT-V : DRAMA Ben Jonson : The Alchemist 4 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 2 THE NEO CLASSICAL AGE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the shift to the Classical tradition in literary and political terms 2. to appreciate the tremendous changes in literary forms 3. trained to analyze the trends in literary expression of the period UNIT-I : POETRY Milton (1608 – 1674) : Paradise Lost Book IX UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Andrew Marvell (1621 – 1678) : To His Coy Mistress 2. John Dryden (1631 – 1695) : Absalom and Achitophel 3. Pope (1688 – 1744) : The Essay On Man : Epistle II (II. 1 – 92) (â€Å"Know then thyself†¦. Our greatest evil or great good†) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Addison and Steele : The Coverley Papers : Sir Roger at Church Sir Roger at the Assizes 2. Milton : Areopagitica 3. Swift : The Battle of the Books 5 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. John Dryden : All for Love 2. Richard Sheridan : The Rivals UNIT-V : FICTION 1. Daniel Defoe (1660 – 1731) : Robinson Crusoe 2. Swift (1667 – 1745) : Gulliver’s Travels 6 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 3 THE ROMANTIC AND THE VICTORIAN AGES Objectives Students are : 1. to appreciate the influence of ever changing trends brought about by social and scientific developments 2. to analyze diverse literary devices of these periods 3. to comprehend and analyze the dialectic between Neo Classicism and Romanticism 4. to gain indepth understanding of major writers of the 19th century UNIT-I: POETRY 1. Wordsworth : Tintern Abbey 2. Coleridge : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 3. Shelley : Ode to a Skylark 4. Keats : Ode on a Grecian Urn 5. Tennyson : Ulysses UNIT-II: POETRY 1. Browning : My Last Duchess 2. Blake : Night 3. D. G. Rossetti Infant Sorrow : Blessed Damozel 4. Arnold : The Scholar Gypsy Ref: Victorian poets, ed. V. S. Seturaman, Macmillan Annotated Classics 7 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III: PROSE 1. Charles Lamb : From Essays of Elia: Dissertation on a Roast Pig : Poor Relations 2. Arnold : From Culture and Anarchy: Sweetness and Light 3. Thomas Carlyle : On Shakespeare (from Victorian Prose ed. V. S. Sethuraman) UNIT-IV: DRAMA Oscar Wilde : Lady Windermere’s Fan UNIT-V: FICTION 1. Jane Austen : Emma 2. Dickens : Pickwick Papers 3. Charlotte Bronte : Jane Eyre 4. Walter Scott: Ivanhoe 8 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 4 TWENTIETH CENTURY Objectives Students are : 1. trained to acquire a working understanding of the war years and their literary consequences 2. exposed to dominant literary traditions and authors of the 20th Century 3. to analytically appreciate various emerging literary trends and forms 4. introduced to futuristic thinking through a classic science fiction novel UNIT-I : POETRY 1. W. B . Yeats 2. T. S Eliot 3. Wilfred Owen : Easter 1916 : Sailing to Byzantium : The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock : Strange Meeting UNIT-II : POETRY 1. 2. 3. 4. Hopkins. Seamus Heaney Thom Gunn Stephen Spender : Wreck of the Deutschland : The Tollund Man : On the Move : I think continually of those who are truly great. UNIT-III: PROSE 1. Orwell 2. D. H. Lawrence 3. C. P. Snow : Politics and the English Language : Why the Novel Matters : Two Cultures UNIT-IV: DRAMA 1. Beckett 2. T. S. Eliot : Waiting For Godot : The Family Reunion 9 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V: FICTION 1. Virginia Woolf : Mrs. Dalloway 2. D. H. Lawrence : Sons and Lovers 3. Arthur C. Clarke : Childhood’s End 10 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 1 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION Objectives Students are trained : 1. to gain a working knowledge of the origin and development of translation 2. in the various theories and techniques of translation 3. to be able to translate literary and non-literary texts from English into an Indian language and vice-versa UNIT-I : History of Translation Origin and development of translation in the West Origin and development of translation in the Indian context UNIT-II : Theories of Translation Catford – Nida – Newmark UNIT-III : Translation of Literary – Aesthetic Texts Problems and Techniques Translation of Religious Texts in India. Translation of Poetry Translation of Fiction Translation of Plays UNIT-IV : Translation of Scientific – Technical Texts Problems and Techniques Translation of Scientific Texts Translation of Social Sciences Texts Translation of Official Circulars, Agenda, Minutes Translation of Commercial, Financial documents and Legal texts 11 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V : New trends Assessment of Translation Computer – aided Translation Reference Susan Bassnett – McGuire, Translation Studies J. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation E. A. Nida, Towards a Science of Translation (1964) E. A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (1974) Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation (1981) A. Duff, The Third Language (1961) Ayyappa Panicker, ed. Indian Literature (1995) 12 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) II SEMESTER PAPER 5 ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Objectives Students are exposed to : 1. the evolution of the English language at a deeper level, updating what has been learnt at the UG level 2. the intricacies of articulating English sounds, enabling them to speak better 3. levels of linguistic analyses, preparing them to become effective teachers UNIT-I : THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Descent of English language; Old English Period; Middle English; Renaissance & After; Growth of Vocabulary; Change of Meaning; Evolution of Standard English. Recommended Reading: F. T Wood An Outline History of English Language UNIT-II : PHONOLOGY Cardinal Vowels, English Vowels, Diphthongs and Consonants, Transcription, Syllable UNIT-III : PHONOLOGY Received Pronunciation and the need for a model, Accent, Rhythm and Intonation, Assimilation, Elision, Liaison and Juncture. Recommended Reading T. Balasubramanian A Textbook of English Phonetics for Indian Students (Chapter 3-17) 13 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : LEVELS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS Morphology, Sentences and their parts, words, phrases and clauses, phrases, Semantics, Pragmatics & Discourse Analysis Recommended Reading Geroge Yule The Study of Language (Chapters 8-13) (Second Edition Cambridge University Press, 1996) Quirk & Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English UNIT-V : SOCIOLINGUISTICS Language varieties; language, society and culture. Recommended Reading George Yule The Study of Language (Chapter 20 &21) Second Ed. CUP, 1996) Verma and Krishnaswamy Modern Linguistics (Units 42 – 45). 14 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 6 INDIAN LITERATURE IN ENGLISH Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to a wider range of works in Indian Literature in English 2. exposed to a balanced textual study of established and contemporary writers 3. enabled to acquire a holistic perception of Indian Literature in English in preparation for a teaching or research career UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Aurobindo : Thought the Paraclete 2. Nissim Ezekiel : Poet, Lover, Bird Watcher 3. A. K. Ramanujan : Anxiety (from selected poems OUP, 1995,p. 29, pp. 124-25) 4. Arun Kolatkar : From Jeiury 1. The Bus 2. A Scratch 5. Rabindranath Tagore : Gitanjali UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Daruwalla : Hawk (from The Anthgology of Twelve. Modern Indian Poets ed. A. K. Mehotra, OUP (1992) 2. Sujatha Bhat : The Star (from Monkey Shadows, Penguin India, 1993 – pp 13-15) 3. Mamta Kalia : Tribute to Papa (from Nine Indian Women 15 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Poets ed. Eunice D’Souza, OUP, 1997, pp. 2021) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Nehru : Discovery of India (Ch. 2 and 3) 2. B. R. Ambedkar : Extracts 4,5 and 6 (from Annihilation of Caste Ed. Mulk Raj Anand. Delhi: Arnold Publishers, 1990, pp. 47-54) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. Karnad : Nagamandala 2. Mahashweta Devi : Rudali (Calcutta: Seagull, 1999) UNIT-V : FICTION 1. R. K. Narayan : The English Teacher 2. Chetan Bhaghat : One Night @ the Call Centre 16 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 7 SHAKESPEARE Objectives Students are : 1. enabled to establish Shakespeare’s contribution to development of English literature and language. 2. to gain knowledge and understanding necessary to explain his dramatic skills 3. to identify and explain meaning-making and communicative strategies in the prescribed plays 4. oriented to a concrete understanding of his ‘universality’ which in this context means his ability to communicate to a far wider spectrum of people 5. prompted to recognise and appreciate his skills as a wordsmith 6. trained to identify passages (from the prescribed plays) that can be used as case studies to understand and practice soft and communicative skills. UNIT-I : As You Like It UNIT-II : Othello UNIT-III : Richard III UNIT-IV : The Winter’s Tale UNIT-V 1. The Elizabethan Theatre and Audience 2. Trends in Shakespeare Studies 17 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 8 AMERICAN LITERATURE Objectives Students are : 1. to explore the uniqueness of American literature at an advanced level 2. trained to analyze the American mind in its important facets 3. enabled to appreciate mutually beneficial relationship between India and the U.S. , through the literary medium 4. introduced to American Science Fiction through one of the most representative texts UNIT-I : POETRY 1. 2. 3. 4. Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Robert Frost Wallace Stevens : Crossing Brooklyn Ferry : Success is counted sweetest : Home Burial : Anecdote of the Jar UNIT-II : POETRY 1. e. e. cummings 2. Amiri Baraka 3. Gwendolyn Brooks : Any one lived in a pretty how town : An Agony as Now : Kitchenette Building UNIT-III : PROSE 1. R. W. Emerson 2. H. D. Thoreau 3. Allan Bloom : Self – Reliance : Walden (Selected Chapters 1,2 and 17) : Nietzscheanization of the Left or Vice-Versa (from the Closing of the American Mind 1987) 18 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. Eugene O’Neill 2. Arthur Miller : Hairy Ape : The Crucible UNIT-V : FICTION 1. Mark Twain 2. W. Faulkner 3. Isaac Asimov : Adventures of Huckleberry Finn : The Sound and the Fury : The Caves of Steel 19 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) HUMAN RIGHTS COMPULSORY PAPER UNIT-I Definition of Human Rights – Nature, Content, Legitimacy and Priority Theories on Human Rights – Historical Development of Human Rights. UNIT-II International Human Rights – Prescription and Enforcement upto World War II Human Rights and the U . N . O. – Universal Declaration of Human Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Optional Protocol. UNIT-III Human Rights Declarations – U. N. Human Rights Declarations – U. N. Human Commissioner. UNIT-IV Amnesty International – Human Rights and Helsinki Process – Regional Developments – European Human Rights System – African Human Rights System – International Human Rights in Domestic courts. UNIT-V Contemporary Issues on Human Rights: Children’s Rights – Women’s Rights Dalit’s Rights – Bonded Labour and Wages – Refugees – Capital Punishment. Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution – Directive Principles of State Policy – Fundamental Duties – National Human Rights Commission. 20 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Books for Reference: 1. International Bill of Human Rights, Amnesty International Publication, 1988. 2. Human Rights, Questions and Answers, UNESCO, 1982 3. Mausice Cranston – What is Human Rights 4. Desai, A. R. – Violation of Democratic Rights in India 5. Pandey – Constitutional Law. 6. Timm. R. W. – Working for Justice and Human Rights. 7. Human Rights, A Selected Bibliography, USIS. 8. J. C. Johari. – Human Rights and New World Order. 9. G. S. Bajwa – Human Rights in India. 10. Amnesty International, Human Rights in India. 11. P. C. Sinha & – International Encyclopedia of Peace, Security K. Cheous (Ed) Social Justice and Human Rights (Vols 1-7). 12. Devasia, V. V. – Human Rights and Victimology. Magazines: 1. 2. 3. 4. The Lawyer, Bombay Human Rights Today, Columbia University International Instruments of Human Rights, UN Publication Human Rights Quarterly, John Hopkins University, U. S. A. 21 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 3 NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH Objectives Students are introduced to contemporary and complex writers and their works spanning all the commonwealth countries. If selected for study, this paper will enable the student to acquire a highly comprehensive knowledge of commonwealth literature, enhancing their reception of the paper on commonwealth literature in the III semester, and also providing them with sufficient knowledge base for pursuing research or teaching. UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Australia – Judith Wright : At Cooloola 2. New Zealand – James Baxter : The Ikons 3. Allen Curnow : House and Land UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Canada – Al Purdy : Lament for the Dorsets (EskimosExtinct in the 14th Century AD) (from Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry) 2. Africa – Kofi Awoonor : Song of War : The Weaver Bird (from Penguin Anthology of Modern Poetry- Africa. Eds. Gerald Moore and Ulli Beier. ) 3. ace Nichols West Indies – Grace Nichols – Of course, when they ask for poems (from Six Women Poets. Ed. Judith Kinsman, OUP, 1992, pp. 41 -43) 22 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Africa – Achebe : Colonialist Criticism (from Post Colonial Studies Reader eds. Helen Tiffin, Chris Tiffin & Bill Ashcroft) 2. West Indies – V. S. Naipaul-India : A Wounded Civilization UNIT-IV : DRAMA. Australia – Louis Nowra : Radiance J. P. Clarke : Song of a goat UNIT-V : FICTION Africa-Koetzee : Disgrace Canada-Maragaret Laurence : The Stone Angel Australia-Peter Carey : Oscar and Lucinda 23 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) III SEMESTER PAPER 9 COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the literatures of the Commonwealth 2. introduced to the postcolonial perceptions of a wide range of people whose second language is English 3. trained to develop comparative perspectives 4. Trained to discuss the question of identity and dominance of landscape in Commonwealth literature UNIT-I : POETRY. Australia – A. D. Hope : Australia New Zealand – Jessie Mackay : The Noosing of the sun-god Africa – Abioseh Nicol : The Continent that lies within us UNIT-II : POETRY Africa – David Rubadiri : A Negro labourer in Liverpool Dereck Walcott : Ruins of a Great House Canada – F. R. Scott : The Canadian Author’s Meet (from Anthology of Commonwealth Verse ed. Margaret O’Donnell & An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry ed. C. D. Narasimhaiah) UNIT-III : PROSE Sri Lanka – Ananda : The Dance of Shiva Coomaraswami 24 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA Nigeria – Wole Soyinka : The Lion and the Jewel UNIT-V : FICTION. Canada – Margaret Atwood : Surfacing Australia – Patrick White : Voss 25 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 10 LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM I Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to one of the most enabling forms of literary study 2. exposed to the complexities of literary theory and criticism, which is most essential aspect of literary appreciation 3. trained to understand and analyze literary writings based on the ever evolving traditions of criticism 4. enabled to form a comparative perspective of the Eastern and Western critical traditions UNIT-I Introduction to Classical Literary Criticism UNIT-II. Ancient Tamil and Sanskrit Criticism UNIT-III Johnson : Preface to Shakespeare Wordsworth : Preface to the Lyrical Ballads UNIT-IV Arnold : Study of Poetry T. S. Eliot : Tradition and Individual Talent UNIT-V N. Frye : Archetypes of Literature 26 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 11 ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING Objectives Students are : 1. expected to acquire the essentials of teaching English as a second / foreign language 2. to internalize the various methods of English language teaching, theory as well as practice 3. trained to appreciate the area specific feature of ELT, in the Indian context, to become able teachers. 4. Problems and Principles UNIT-I The role of English in India; English teaching in India today UNIT-II Theories of language learning: cognitive-theory; behaviouristic theory. First language acquisition and second language learning; Attitudes to error; Inter language UNIT-III Approaches and Methods: Grammar Translation; Audio-lingual; Communicative and Current Trends UNIT-IV Classroom Management and Teacher – Student Interaction Materials Production 27 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V Reading, Writing, Testimony, Speaking, Study Skills, Literature, Remediation Recommended Reading Howall A. P. R. A History of English Language Teaching, OUP, 1984. Richards, J and Rodgers, S. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, 2001. Ellis, R. Understanding Second Language Acquisition, London, OUP, 1985. Pit Corder, S. Introducing Applied Linguistics, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973. Edinburgh Course in Appied Linguistics Vols. 1,2,3,4. Yalden, 1. The Communicative Syllabus: Evolution Design & Implementations. Penguin, 1983. Oller J. W. Jr. Language Tests at School, London, Longman, 1979. David Nunan, Language Teaching Methodology, Prentice Hall, 1991. 28 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 12 LITERATURE, ANALYSIS, APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to the methodologies of analysis, an integral part of literary appreciation 2. exposed to the expected levels of performance required in them 3. directed to the ever widening career options opening to a PG in English, especially in the Knowledge Processing Industry for writers, editors, instructional designers and so on UNIT-I Practical Criticism UNIT-II Journalism and Mass Communication UNIT-III Report Writing and Book Review UNIT-IV Proofreading, Editing and Advertising UNIT-V : TECHNICAL WRITING Specs, Manuals, Business correspondence 29 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 3 FILM REVIEWS AND PRESENTATION Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the newly emerging field of film studies 2. introduced to the technicalities of making and appreciation of cinema 3. trained to become reviewers, opening up another career option UNIT-I History of Cinema in India UNIT-II Major Landmarks in Indian Cinema UNIT-III What is Film Reviewing? UNIT-IV Actual reviewing by showing film clips UNIT-V The script, storyline, acting, costumes, dialogue, visuals, music and dance, graphics and special effects 30 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) IV SEMESTER PAPER 13 LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM II Objectives In addition to the objectives for Literary Theory and Criticism I Students are : 1. sensitized to the transition from Humanistic to Modern and Postmodern critical traditions 2. enabled to comprehend the dominance of theory in the Postmodern phase 3. introduced to recent contexts, concepts and ideologies UNIT-I Lionel Trilling: Sense of the Past Cleanth Brooks: The Language of Paradox UNIT-II Georg Lukacs: Ideology of Modernism UNIT-III Jacques Lacan : Of Structure as an Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to any Subject Whatever UNIT-IV. Barthes: Death of the Author UNIT-V Simone de Beauvoir : Introduction to â€Å"The Second Sex† 31 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 14 SOFT SKILLS, LITERATURE AND MOVIES Objectives Students are : 1. trained to understand the aspects of soft skills 2. exposed to the actualities of the various skills grouped under the rubric ‘Soft Skills’ 3. motivated, through this paper, to empower themselves with the expected skills for suitable employment 4. oriented to recognize and locate the role of soft skills in real life situations UNIT-I : INTRAPERSONAL Self-management, self-esteem, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-critique,  Jane Eyre UNIT-II : EMPATHY Honesty, cultural diversity, Ability to take other’s point of view, integrating cognitive and affective skills, Nelli in â€Å"Wuthering Heights† UNIT-III : INTERPERSONAL Team work, persuasion, negotiation, conflict resolution, Reading social situations, learning to say no, active listening, Rosalind, Portia and Viola UNIT-IV : COMMUNICATION Body language, facial expression, humour, eye contact, tone of voice, etiquette, 1. Antony and Cleopatra (Movie) 2. To Sir with Love (Movie) 3. Dead Poets Society (Movie) UNIT-V : LEADERSHIP Critical, lateral, strategic thinking; delegation; taking responsibility; giving praise and appreciation; giving and receiving feedback; ability to motivate; problem solving, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† – Achebe. 32 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) References Daniel Coleman. Working with Emotional Intelligence. Dale Carnegie. How to Develop Self Confidence and Influence People by Public Speaking. 1926. rpt. 1956. Pocket Books. 33 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 15 WORLD CLASSICS IN TRANSLATION Objectives: Enable the students to appreciate the writings for them literary values, cultural importance, philosophical and socio-political background to  facilitate the development of cross-cultural perspectives. UNIT-I : Poetry Homer : The Sliad Book III Virgil : The Aeveid Book IV (438-563) Thiruvalluvar : Thirukkural Book II UNIT-II : Dante : The Inferno (Canto III) Gibran : The Prophet UNIT-III : PROSE St. Augustine : The Confessions Book – I Confucius : Analects 1, 2 Harace : As Poetria UNIT-IV : DRAMA Anton Chekov : The Cherry Orchid Kalidasa : Sahuntala Aristophanes : The Clouds UNIT-V : FICTION Leo Tolstoy : Anna Karenina Books (1 & 2) Thomas Mann : Magic Mountain 34 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 16 WOMEN’S WRITING IN ENGLISH UNIT-I: POETRY Elizabeth Barret Browming. Ways. : How Do I Love Thee? Let me count the Sylvia Plath : Lady Lazarus Maya Angelou : Phenomenal Woman Kamala Das : Introduction Toru Dutt : Sita UNIT-II: PROSE Virginia Woolf : A Room of One’s Own Arundhathi Roy : The Algebra of Infinite Justice. UNIT-III: DRAMA Mahashweta Devi : Mother of 1084 Caryll Churchill : Top Girls UNIT-IV: FICTION Jhumpa Lahiri : The Namesake Margaret Atwood : The Handmaid’s Tale UNIT-V: GENERAL Mary Woolstone craft : The Vindication of the Rights of Women Elaine Showalter : Toward a Feminist Poetics 35 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 4 ANATOMY OF LITERATURE Objectives. Students are : 1. enabled to acquaint themselves with the major generic divisions in English literature 2. trained in the universally – acknowledged conventions of literary research and documentation UNIT-I : THE ANATOMY OF PROSE The form of prose – vocabulary – grammar and idiom written and spoken prose – the paragraph – prose rhythm – individual and common style – common style and cheap style – simplicity and ornamentation – objective and subjective abstract and concrete – realism, romance and unreality – special inventions prose for its own sake – the historical approach – the science of rhetoric writing prose. UNIT-II : THE ANATOMY OF POETRY The importance of form – the physical form of poetry – metre – variation – rhyme – onomatopoeia – internal pattern – form in intonation – repetition – the main types of poetry – logical sequence – the use of associations – patterns of imagery – traditional verse forms – free verse – the choice of words – illustrations – cautions – twentieth – century techniques. UNIT-III : THE ANATOMY OF NOVEL The concept of fiction – verisimilitude – the point of view – plot – character character revealed – conversation – scene and background – dominant themes the experimental novel 36. M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : THE ANATOMY OF DRAMA Live literature – action – plots – conventional divisions – direct experience of characters – dialogue and conversation – verse and prose – types of drama drama and history – use of notes – interpretation UNIT-V : LITERARY RESEARCH Research and writing – the mechanics of writing – the format of the research paper – documentation: preparing the list of works cited – documentation: citing sources in the text – abbreviations Reference Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Prose (1954). Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Poetry (1953) Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Novel Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Drama (1960) Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th Ed. 37 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PROJECT DISSERTATION Objective Project Work is a preparatory exercise for research writing. Students are introduced to the basics of research and trained to write academically following the framework given below: 1. Introduction 2. Statement of the problem 3. Review of Literature 4. Analysis 5. Summary, findings and suggestions.